Adolescent Gender and Social Relations Study

GlobalEarly AdolescentStudy GEAS THE THE GLOBAL EARLY GLOBAL EARLY ADOLESCENT ADOLESCENT STUDY STUDY A 15 COUNTRY COLLABORATION EXPLORING A 15 COUNTRY COLLABORATION EXPLORING GENDER AND SOCIAL RELATIONS GENDER AND SOCIAL RELATIONS

GENDER FOCUS OF THE GEAS GENDER FOCUS OF THE GEAS Premise: Social Norms shape behaviors GEAS questions How young people come to understand and co- construct gender norms regulating their behaviors in their communities The extent to which young people ascribe to gender equitability How gender norms act as a regulatory mechanism informing behaviors

GENDER INSTRUMENTS Suite of gender instruments Commonalities in the ways gender norms are expressed in early adolescents Cross cultural gender scale component Cross cultural vignettes Unique expressions of gender hierarchies that depend on context Site specific items for the gender scale component Site specific vignettes Narratives Contextual measure

PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING THE SCALES Narrative interviews 30 adol/parent dyads Narrative interviews 30 adol/parent dyads Narrative interviews 30 adol/parent dyads N=7 countries . Gender Scale Data base N=7 countries Gender exerts Country 1 Gender exerts Country 2 Gender exerts Country n Dedoose= common online qualitative plateform Real time coding . Inductive coding Emerging domains Common Codes Gender Scales

DOMAINS RELATED TO NORMS ABOUT MASCULINITIES Adolescent boys are on their own/ are unsupervised Adolescent have freedom Boys responsibilities: lead, provide for, protect and take charge of their families Boys should never act like girls Boys need to show they are strong/ tough (to gain respect) Boys are naturally attracted to girls Boys have girlfriends to gain social status Boys fool girls Boys judge girls on their physical appearance Boys in relationships Boys should follow the rules about how to behave with girls and when to have se Boys should be gentle with/protect girls/treat girls with respect Bullying and violence

DOMAINS RELATED TO NORMS ABOUT FEMININITIES Girl s freedom versus lack of independence Girl s responsibilities for their families Girls are weak/afraid/ in need protection Deference/proper/composed Girls bodies Girls are responsible for arousing boys Girls are responsible for their own safety by behaving properly Girls torment boys Girls should not have sex until they are older/married Girls shouldn't be in romantic relationships/ Negative consequences of relationships Pregnancy Bullying and violence

HOW GENDER NORMS INFORM BEHAVIORS Limited evidence for a direct correlation between personal beliefs and behaviors Personal beliefs have a predictive effect on behaviors only when they coincide with what individuals expect others will do or think ( C. Bicchieri) Personal beliefs: what I think should be done Social normative expectations: what you think others think should be done Empirical expectations: what you think others would do

DOMAINS RELATED TO NORMS ABOUT MASCULINITIES PERSONAL VERSUS NORMATIVE EXPECTATIONS Adolescent boys are on their own/ are unsupervised How much would do your friends agree? How much do YOU agree? Adolescent boys should be independent Adolescent boys learn from the streets An adolescent boy should mostly depend on himself rather then asking for help Adolescent boys should figure their problems on their own Adolescent boy should be capable of protecting themselves Site specific items if needed

DOMAINS RELATED TO NORMS ABOUT FEMININITIES PERSONAL VERSUS NORMATIVE EXPECTATIONS How much would do your friends agree? How much do YOU agree? Girls are weak/afraid/ in need protection Girls should avoid playing sports with boys because they get hurt easily Girls should learn to defend themselves Girls who act like they are physically tough risk getting beaten up Girls should not fight back if boys harass them because they can only get hurt Girls should be treated gently Girls who cry get boys attention Site specific items if needed

SENSITIVE QUESTIONS Principles of Research Ethics Respect: showing consideration for other people s feelings, privacy, and lifestyles Beneficence: doing good for others Justice: treating people fairly http://investuristic.com/learn/ethics

SENSITIVE QUESTIONS MALE VERSION Homosexuality Boys who are in love with other boys should be treated the same as other boys It s ok for a boy your age to be in a relationship with a boy as more than just friends Parents should treat their son the same no matter if he has a boyfriend or girlfriend It is ok for a boy to have sexual intercourse with another boy Sexual relationships It is OK for a boy to have a special relationship with more than one person at a time A boy who gets a girl pregnant should marry her Boys should be careful not to get a girl pregnant A boy should only have sexual intercourse with a girl he wants to marry A boy should only have sexual intercourse with someone he loves It is ok for a boy to have sexual intercourse with people who are a lot older than he is Violence If someone insults a man, he should defend his reputation with violence There are times when a man deserves to be beaten In a family, it is ok for a man to to beat a woman if she does not perform her duties (e.g.,cook, talks too much) Men have to be controlled even if it means beating

SENSITIVE QUESTIONS FEMALE VERSION Homosexuality Girls who are in love with other girls should be treated the same as other girls It s ok for a girlyour age to be in a relationship with a girlas more than just friends Parents should treat their daughter the same no matter if she has a boyfriend or girlfriend It is ok for a girl to have sexual intercourse with another girl Girls who are attracted to other girls should not be teased Sexual relationships A girl should only have sexual intercourse when she is married It is OK for a girl to have a special relationship with more than one person at a time A girl should only have sexual intercourse with a guy if she wants to marry him A girl should only have sexual intercourse with someone she loves It is ok for a girl to have sexual intercourse with people who are a lot older than she is It is ok for a girl to have sex as long as she avoids getting pregnant If a girl says no to sex her boyfriend will dump her

SENSITIVE QUESTIONS FEMALE VERSION Romantic relationships It is ok for a girl your age to be in a relationship with a boy as more than just friends It is ok for a girl your age to be in a relationship with another girl as more than just friends Men have to be controlled even if it means beating Violence There are times when a woman deserves to be beaten In a family, it is ok for a man to to beat a woman if she does not perform her duties (e.g.,cook, talks too much) Men have to be controlled even if it means beating Norms about reproductive health different from gender norms Adolescent girls who get pregnant should have an abortion if they are not married Adolescent girls who get pregnant should have an abortion because they are too young to raise children Adolescent girls who get pregnant should have an abortion to stay in school