Advances in Robotics Conference 2019 at IIT Madras
This conference held at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras focused on research and development objectives in robotics, with discussions on methodologies, objectives, problem statements, and results. Presentations included innovative approaches in the field of robotics, showcasing the latest advancements and discussions on potential future applications.
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ELEC-E8423 - Smart Grid Wind farms, their local grids and connection to the power system Tanja Rantala, Alissa Eloranta 18.4.2023
Introduction 1. Wind power trends 2. Wind farms 3. Grid connection 4. Wind power impacts on the grid 5. Grid code Conclusions 18.4.2023 Page 2
1. Wind power trends In Finland WP capacity rose from 3,2 GW in 2021 to 5,7 GW in 2022 (+2,4 GW & 437 turbines) The largest wind farm will be Mutkalampi with 404 MW (69 turbines). Fully online in Q3 / 23 Globally Capacity rose from 830 GW to 906 GW from 2021 to 2022 (+76 GW) The largest wind farm is Gansu Wind Farm in China with 10 GW in 2021 (20 GW later) China is the market leader, contributing to over 50 % of all onshore installations in 2022 https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2021/04/15/experts-predictions-for- future-wind-energy-costs-drop-significantly/ 18.4.2023 Page 3
2. Wind farms Average power per wind turbine 5-6 MW (Finland, 2022) Average cost 1,2 -1,5 M / MW (Finland) Onshore wind turbine CAPEX breakdown Other 9% Engineering 1% Foundation 5% Nacelle 34% Financial 7% Electrical infrastructure 9% Tower 14% Rotor 21% https://www.the-tech-addict.com/how-does-a-wind-turbine-work/ 18.4.2023 Page 4
3. Grid connection Wind turbine transformers (LV/MV) MV cables to the transformer substation HV/MV transformers Point of connection (POC) Point of common coupling (PCC) Electric grid Large wind farms are connected to the HV grid Medium size to MV grid https://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/electrical-system.html Small to LV grid 18.4.2023 Page 5
4. Wind power impacts on the grid System level impacts variability generation adequacy inertia transmission efficiency & bottlenecks Impacts on power quality voltage reactive power flicker harmonics 18.4.2023 Page 6
5. Grid code General grid code requirements voltage & frequency tolerance line capacity short circuit power protection contingency Special requirements for wind generation LVRT reactive power & power factor control active power control & frequency response maintaining power quality visibility 18.4.2023 Page 7
Conclusions Wind power is increasing rapidly both globally and in Finland Wind integration impacts the grid both on system level and on power quality Grid codes are used to mitigate the challenges with wind power integration 18.4.2023 Page 8
Source material used Neoen.com. (2022). Neoen k ynnisti ensimm isen tuulivoimalan Suomen suurimmassa tuulipuistossa Mutkalammilla (404 MW). https://neoen.com/fi/uutiset/2022/neoen-kaynnisti-ensimmaisen-tuulivoimalan-suomen-suurimmassa-tuulipuistossa- mutkalammilla-404-mw/ Orsted.com. (2022). Hornsea 2, the world s largest windfarm, enters full operation. https://orsted.com/en/media/newsroom/news/2022/08/20220831559011 T. Stehly, P. Duffy. (2022) 2021 Cost of Wind Energy Review. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/84774.pdf Windeurope.org. (2010). Powering Europe: Wind Energy And The Electricity Grid. https://windeurope.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/reports/Grids_Report_2010.pdf Wind Energy - The Facts. Electrical System. https://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/electrical-system.html Despro lecture slides on Advanced wind power technology course 18.4.2023 Page 9
Source material used Abo-Khalil, Ahmed. (2013). Impacts of Wind Farms on Power System Stability. 10.5772/55090. Caruna.fi. Generation connection. https://caruna.fi/en/products-and-services/home-and-real-estate/electricity-generation/generation-connection S. Benn Hansen. Ten gigantic wind farms. https://discovercleantech.com/ten-gigantic-wind-farms/ Fingrid.fi. (2018). Grid Code Specifications for Power Generating Facilities VJV2018. https://www.fingrid.fi/globalassets/dokumentit/en/customers/grid-connection/grid-code-specifications-for-power-generating-facilities-vjv2018-.pdf Finnish Wind Power Association. (2023). Finnish wind power year 2022: Wind power capacity increased by 75% and brought more than 2.9 billion investments to Finland. https://tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/en/ajankohtaista/press-releases/finnish-wind-power-year-2022-wind-power-capacity- increased-by-75-and-brought-more-than-2-9-billion-investments-to-finland Finnish Wind Power Association. Investoinnit. https://tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/tietoa-tuulivoimasta-2/tietoa-tuulivoimasta/taloudellisuus/investoinnit G.M. Shafiullah, Amanullah M.T. Oo, A.B.M. Shawkat Ali, Peter Wolfs. (2013). Potential challenges of integrating large-scale wind energy into the power grid A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol 20, 2013, p. 306-321, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.057 18.4.2023 Page 10
