African Colonial History
Recognize the colonial motives, cultural imperialism, and European rivalries contributing to the underdevelopment of Africa. Explore key events like the Scramble for Africa and the impact of figures such as Cecil John Rhodes. Understand the complex dynamics shaping African history through the lens of colonialism.
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Presentation Transcript
African Colonial History KEY TO UNDERSTANDING AFRICAN UNDERDEVELOPMENT ORIGINS AND MYTHS
Colonial Motives Economic Interpretation- raw materials, minerals and agricultural products Missionary Influence and abolitionism (Divide Religiously) Pseudo-Scientific Racism European Rivalries Cultural Imperialism and Racism
Theme We have the Maxim Gun, They Have None Hillaire Blazac
Issue: The Crusher Bula Matari came to represent [the] alien authority Crawford Young describes Henry Morton Stanley
Further Reading Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness Later film, Apocalypse Now by Francis Ford Coppola Adam Hochschild, King Leopold s Ghost
The Scramble for Africa Triangular Trade to 1800 Legitimate Trade and Spheres of Influence Spheres of Influence (the China Model) The Role of the Trading Companies German East African Company French West African Trading Company British East and British South African Companies
The Scramble for Africa France, Germany and European Rivalries Belgium, King Leopold and the Congo Free State Congresses of Berlin: 1878 and 1884-85
Origins of Colonialism: 1890-1914 West Africa: French vs. British and Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule oFrom Company Rule to Indirect Rule oSmaller Powers East Africa: Settlers and Imperialism oGerman Authoritarianism, oWhite Highlands oBritish East Africa Company
Origins of Colonialism Central and Southern Africa Jan van Riebeck and the Cape- 1652 Britain- Cape Colony: 1815 Cecil John Rhodes: British South Africa Company The Rhodesias and Nyasaland- Company Rule to 1923 From Federation to UDI
Styles of Colonialism- Tactics and Methods Force, Trickery, sub-imperialism (client kingdoms) and Authoritarian Prefectoralism Carl Peters and his Bags full of Treaties Sir Samuel Baker and his Hungarian Wife Stimulate alliances and rivalries among different ethnic and religious groups Use of Indigenous Forces: Create African Armies Use puppet rulers, appoint chiefs in stateless systems, use District Commissioners (Prefects)
Patterns of Colonial Rule Parallel Rule vs. Indirect Rule- Britain Assimilation- France Portugal and France Federations vs. Fragmentation- Francophone vs. East Africa Special Role of Settler Colonies
Discussion Do Things Fall Apart in Africa After 1870?
The Colonial Administrative State Integration- Algeria and Lusophone Overseas territories and provinces- France Colonial Office and the Overseas Governor Cultural Sub-Nationalism: Buganda, Ashanti and South Africa
British Colonialism Sir Frederick Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (London: 1922).
Types of Territories Without European Settlers- Nkrumah and the Mosquito Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone Without European Settlers- Protectorates Uganda, Zanzibar, Nyasaland With European Settlers (No Home rule) Kenya, Tanzania, Northern Rhodesia With European Settlers (Home rule) Rhodesia, South Africa, South West Africa (after 1920)
Colonial Processes Oxbridge Generalists Major Ralph Furse and Gentlemen Administrators LEGCO, EXECO and Unofficial Advisors (Europeans, Arabs and Indians, and Late a few Africans) Multi-racialism vs. Ornamentalism
British Colonial Structures Parliament Secretary of State for Colonies Secretary for Foreign and Dominion Affairs Treasury Colonial Office London
Structure of British Colonialism Colonial Office London Ghana Tanganyika Uganda Governor or High Commissioner Executive Council Legislative Council
Colonial Administration Governor Government Secretary/ Secretariat Provincial Commissioner Provincial Commissioner Provincial l Commissioner Provincial Education Officer Provincial Officer District Commissioner
Colonial Administration District Commissioner District Officer District Education Officer DAO DMO DPWD Agricultural Demonstrator District School Inspector
Colonial Administration District Commissioner District Officer DO DO Paramount Chief
Tribal Administration Paramount Chief Sub-Chief Sub-Chief Sub-Chief Head Man Village Leader
Colonial Structures-1956 Parliament and Cabinet-London Commonwealth And Foreign Office Colonial Office Treasury Governor and Colonial Secretariat Colonial Welfare And Development Office Legco And Execo Departments District Offices
Traditional Government Two Structures National Systems Paramount Chief (King) Advisors Native Councils Traditional Meeting Place Judicial System Sub-Chiefs Headmen
Imperial Systems King King s Inner Council Representative Outer Council Chief Chief Chief Sub-Chiefs And Headmen
Parallel Rule The External Protectorate Soldiers, Missionaries and Police Settlers: Eastern and Southern Africa
Origins of Indirect Rule INDIRECT RULE THEORISTS Lord Lugard and Northern Nigeria Theophilus Shepstone in Natal Sir Donald Cameroon in Tanganyika
"Tribal Administration and Indirect Rule Traditional vs. Tribal Rule Modification of Parallel or Dual Rule Goal: Legal/Rational Model Modification of Tradition Training of tribal administrator
Indirect Rule System Chief Sub- Chiefs Council Headmen Tribal Secretary Treasury Court Clerks Police
French Colonialism Meaning of Assimilation Direct Rule Use of Traditional Authorities as French Administrators Replacement of Traditional Authorities by Soldiers In Practice Assimilation was Association British and French administrative Practice not that different in rural Africa
French Colonialism The Concept of Permanent Association Goal a French Language Union (Political Economic and Social) Paris and A Single, highly centralized system- World Wide Facade of Direct Rule
French Colonial Structures France Overseas: Indochina, Caribbean North Africa: Tunisia, Morocco, the Department of Algeria L Afrique Occidentale Francaise (AOF) L Afrique Equitoriale Francaise (AEF) The Mandates: Togo, Cameroons
French Colonial Structures French Executive And Cabinet French National Assembly ( Nominal African Reps. Ministry of Overseas Affairs French Civil and Colonial Services
French Colonial Structures Governor General Of the Federation Old Communes: St. Louis Territorial Governor Rep. in French Assembly Secretariat and Staff
French Colonial Structures Governor Commandant (Prefect) Commandant De cercle Commandant Chef de subdivisions District Chiefs Sub-Chiefs And Headmen
French Decolonization The Concept of the French Union France and World War II: French Africa and Vichy Socialist Governments and Socialist Empires Collapse of Federation, the Loi Cadre of 1956 DeGaulle and the 1958 Referendum
SMALLER COLONIAL POWERS Germany: Lost Colonies: German East Africa, German South West Africa, Cameroons and Togo Belgium: Monarch s Private Property (Congo Free State) Rwanda, Burundi- Primary Education, Church, Mineral Extraction Portugal: Post-Revolutionary States. Four Centuries of Neglect, Massive Amounts of Settlers Post-WWI and WWII-Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde
SMALLER COLONIAL POWERS Italy: National Grandeur, Battle of Adowa, Mussolini- Italian Somaliland, Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia (1937-1940) Spain: Colonial Remnants of Slave Trade- Spanish Morocco, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Equatorial Guinea Holland: From Cape Colony to Dutch Republics Orange Free State, Transvaal, French Protestants, Germans-South Africa (Apartheid)
Themes of Colonial Rule Psychological Dependence and Revolution Racial animosity and love-hate cultural links (Indians, Arabs, Europeans) Absence of Core State Nationalism as a Product of Colonialism Gender, Race and Class debates
Discussion Similarities and Differences: Richard Rive Chinua Achebe Crawford Young
NEXT WEEK Seek ye first the political kingdom, all else will follow Kwame Nkrumah
