Analysis of Czech Populist Discourse in Presidential Interviews

Corpus-assisted study of the interviews of Prezident Milo Zeman Martina Berrocal, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit t Jena Slavicorp 2018 24.9.2018

Overview 1. Objective and Material 2. Method KWA Prominence Qualitative analysis 3. Analysis a. What do the verbs tell us? Discursive function of mysl m si b. What do the nouns tell us? Prominence of grammatical case (Draho ) 4. Conclusions

Objective and Material Project - Czech Populist Discourse hypothesis: the populist language differs from the normal language topic and language structure my goal is to show how. Comparison of different features, different politicians, across different genres comprehensive description This study: Objective: CADS to identify, describe and discuss the linguistic features of the presidential discourse (positioning, representation) 19 Interviews with the Prezident Milo Zeman 28.9.2017 8.2. 2018 (125 878 Tokens), Corpus in SketchEngine, morphologically annotated Interviews TV Barandov, Jaroslav Soukup Moderator + (populist) politician biased Moderator incompetent in speech and argumentation, owner of TV Barandov an accomplice of the populist politician in pushing through his agenda creates context for the attacks lengthy introductions ball ready for a spike

Method (Fidler/Cvrek 2017, 2018, Cvrek/Fidler forthcoming) sources for KWA, traditionally prominence of lemmas (and word forms) Keyness is a quality of words that informs us what text is really about (Scott 2005: 56) Genre or style Further developed and applied on KM and other morpho-syntactical features (e.g. grammatical case) + collocation analysis, KW links => analytical frame (Multi Level Discourse Prominence Analysis / MLDPA) => main idea the prominence of the key items inform us not only about the topic, but also about the discourse structure Instrumental for interpretation of discursive representations, rhetoric strategies, stance or ideology

Method Exploratory KWA in KWORDS (Cvr ek/Vond i ka 2013) Name Interviews MZ (TextC) Description A compilation of 19 TV Interviews2 T den s prezidentem Representative corpus of contemporary written Czech Size 125 878 Tokens SYN 2015 (RefC) 120 748 715 Tokens Procedure in KWORDS: a. statistical significance - whether we have enough data, result, not due a coincidence (chi2, LL) b. effect size (DIN) result informs us about the prominence of linguistic items Modalities: multi-analysis - distribution of the keywords throughout the material one bulk

Keywords Genre specific items Address forms and other ritual forms pane, prezidente, Soukupe, d kuji (Mr., Presidentvoc, Soukupvoc, thank you) Means of building and maintaining rapport v te , poj me, pod vejte, ano (you know, let s, look, yes) Means of structuring discourse - zaprv (10), zadruh (firstly, secondly) Spoken language ten, ta, to, no (this, no is a spoken language token) Topic specific items premi r, Andrejnom, Andrejeacc, Babi nom, Babi eacc,Draho nom, prezidentnom, prezidentaacc, volebgen, volbynom/acc, volbamiinst, vl danom, vl dygen/nom/acc, vl d dat(Prime Minister, Prezident, elections (Prime Minister, Andrej Babi , Draho , President, elections) Style specific items prominence of j (I), interesting given the non-obligatory use of the personal pronouns, mostly emphatic use prominence of mysl m ( I think)

What do the verbs tell us about the President? List of verb form in 1SG (n= 1525), up to frequency 3) mainly verba cogitandi (631), dicendi (127), volendi (130) X verbs of action (72) jsem (ncop=106) opinion - jsem pro/proti, toho n zoru, p esv d en, jist (I am for/against, In my opinion, I am convinced, sure) physical state jsem sv , zdravotn v po dku, k dispozici (I am fresh, healthy, available ) mental state jsem r d, spokojen , zv dav (glad/happy, satisfied, curious) x jsem unaven (tired) (eliciting sympathy, making himself human) jsem otravn (annoying) (being thorough)

Analysis of myslm feature of speech rather than writing Stronger tendency in political TV interviews - position taking typical of informal conversation (Chafe 1986, Aijmer 1997) Korpus Frequency absolute/relative Nr. of Tokens Zeman_ T den s prezidentem 202 / 1788 i.p.m. 112 971 Czech Parliament (2010-2013) 513 / 1260 i.p.m. 407 056 ORAL v1 (mysl m|myslim|mysim) Czech Web 2012 7281 / 1144 i.p.m. 6 361 707 1731 427 / 342 i.p.m. 4 175 089 441 SYN v6 974 044 / 204 i.p.m 4 834 739 998

Myslm (I think) extracted and coded (Simon-Vandenbergen 2000, Fetzer 2014) categories partially bottom-up, partially based on previous research, (Simon-Vandenbergen 2000, Fetzer 2014) distinction I think (Aijmer 1997) Tentative (weak assertive weakens the claim, belief) means of hedging and being evasive and vague (Junker 1986) Deliberative - an opinion, add weight to the asserting, it expresses reassurance (Aijmer 1997:22) as means of doing facework (- face-saving, face-enhancing) (Junker 1986, Turnbull and Saxton 1997, Macauley 1995) I think has different functions in different discourses

Myslm (si)- coding categories and results Function N=178 Frequency Filler, parenthetical 18 Non-obligatory j (72/189) Clear pattern with reflexive si and the subordinate e Mysl m si, e Mysl m is collocates with discourse markers ale, tak e, tak, pokud, kdy , proto e (but, so, as far as, when, because) Attentuation, tentativeness 20 Deliberative Opinion neutral 44 Booster authority 47 93 Positive positioning Booster Intro for an attack 48 Negative positioning Self-repair, precision 1 =>connected to a division in discourse => making a point

Booster Attack J si mysl m, ePir ti si dodate n nastuduj stavu, proto e co inzeruj , echt j v t alob vyj d it [ ] e prezident je povinen v p pad , eneusp jet et pokus. A si Pir ti p e tou stavu, tak zjist , e v stav je v ta, prezident m e rozpustit Sn movnu', nikoli mus . Zeman_TV Barandov_09112017 I think that when the Pirates (meaning: the Pirate Party) belatedly study the constitution, because they keep announcing that they want to take a position to the law suit .When the Pirates read the constitution, they will find out that there is a sentence in the constitution that the President can dissolve the Lower Parliamentary Chamber, not that he has to.

What about the people? Proper nouns (Fidler/Cvr ek 2017, forthcoming) proper nouns high DIN values Information about the actors and the possible recipients of action Advantage in KWords does not give us lemmas but the word forms facilitates the analysis of semantic roles

Proper nouns: who? Politicians Czech Draho ovidat, Draho eacc, Draho eminst, Draho nom Okamurouinst, Okamurovidat, Okamuruacc Babi ovidat, Babi eminst lechtov nom, Falt nka, Zimoluacc,Teli kygen Foreign Trump (nom, gen/acc, dat) Kiska (gen) Other actors: St edulovidat, Dohnalovidat,, vejnareminst, Kleindienstnom It does not differentiate e.g. between Draho egenand Draho eacc, Draho ovidatand Draho oviloc

Prominence of grammatical case (Fidler/Cvr ek 2018) Draho prominence of grammatical case (DIN) tell us more about how the individual actors are represented in discouse semantic function in discourse (Clancy/Janda 2006) Strong negative prominence of nominative Nominative used for naming, it marks agent, moving force of action Form Draho Draho e DIN -31.580 nominative genitive 40.074 100.000 dativ Draho ovi 65.642 accusative Draho e NA locative Draho ovi 27.354 instrumental Draho em To compare with Okamura: Nominative -44,12 Locative 92,42 Instrumental 60,07

Drahodat+ acc Dativ (experiencer) A te V s mo n p ekvap m, pane Soukupe, proto e na rozd l od n kter chkoment tor se panu Draho oviv bec nechci vysm vat. Zeman_TV Barandov_08022018 I may now surprise you, Mr. Soukup, because unlike some commentators I do not want to laught at Mr. Draho . Dativ experiencer. Draho is laughted at. //Why should it be surprising? Accusative (direct object) a. as patient, ( something that has something done to it ) in connection with podpo it, volit, navrhovat, preferovat b. passive role

Conclusions KWA is a productive starting point for a discourse analysis Prominence analysis points to features that should be examined in more detail. Prominent items (e.g. I think) are not equally represented across genres KWA necessarily combined qualitative analysis (e.g. I think) one form different functions within one genre identified as introduction for an attact Prominence of grammatical case is a pointer to the assigned semantic roles Helps to unveil speaker s rhetorical strategy and set this kind of analysis on empirical footing To do: to analyse other lexical and grammatical items to carry out a similar analysis on similar material (e.g. A. Babi ) and on different genre (politicians blogs) to compare with other politicians (fact-/problem-oriented)

Thank you for your attention

Nominative 3 major tendencies: 1. Draho said in order to oppose it 2. Linking D to migration je spojen s m, nen tak radik ln 3. Draho is pro-Western and democratic as (false) image created by the media

Cogitandi verbs Verba cogitandi Myslet, v d t, doufat, vzpom nat, souhlasit, rozum t, p edpokl dat, tu it, zn t, v it, pokl dat, ch pat, v it, domn vat, pova ovat, vzpom nat se, pamatovat, zast vat, uzn vat Verba dicendi kat, opakovat,pt t, zeptat, mluvit, jmenovat, odpov d t, odpov dat, zd raz ovat, upozor ovat, kritizovat Verba vollendi Cht t, ct, p t, prosit, v tat, pokusit, sna it Other: d t, dov st, d lat, setkat, nechat, d vat

To think in presidential discourse Form distribution Myslet N=269 1SG Mysl m ([mM]ysl m,[nN]emysl m) + myslel jsem 220 2SG Mysl ([mM]ysl ) 1 3SG Mysl + (ne)myslel 5 1PLmysl me + jsme mysleli 3 2PL mysl te + jste myslel 39 Mysl + mysleli 6

Instrumental (Landmark vertical dimension, achieving a higher norm A pot ilom , e jsem nad panem Draho em vyhr l ne jenom ve v ech kraj ch, s v jimkou Prahy, ale tak ve v ech krajsk ch m stech nebo statut rn ch m stech, co p edp ti lety nebylo.

Keyword analysis KWORDS a. statistical significance - whether we have enough data, result, not due a coincidence (chi2, LL) b. effect size (DIN) result informs us about the prominence of linguistic items DIN values between 75 Key for the interpretation of DIN values: 100 -75 possibly interesting KW 100-97 Keyword with highest prominence 97-95 Keywords with high prominence 95-85 Keywords with medium prominence

Keywords Words only in TextC Draho ovi, Soukupe, St edulovi, r nu, nedemokrati nosti, Proper names, specific words prominence of j (I), interesting given the non-obligatory use of the personal pronouns, mostly emphatic use prominence of mysl m ( I think)

Myslm Filler/Parenthetical M: Pane prezidente, tento t den jste p ijaln meck ho prezidenta Steinmeiera. Mluvili jste o migrantech, na tuto v c m te odli n n zory. Dok zali jste se na n em shodnout? MZ: Mysl m, e ano. Mysl m si, e shoda spo valaalespo v tom, a to jsme samoz ejm nemluvili jenom o migrantech, emigrant m je t eba pom hat na zem , kde se nach zej , e je tam pot eba, dejme tomu, jim pomoci s nemocnicemi, kolami a podobn . Zeman_TV Barandov_15092017

Attenuation Vzpom n m si, ep edp ti lety tam byly eny, Jana Bobo kov , pak tam byla T a Fischerov a pak tam byla je t t et , lidovkyn , pane bo e, jak ona se jmenovala? No, to nevad , ale ur it tam byla. Zuzka Roithov , mysl m. Tak e byly tam t i eny z dev ti, a to je docela slu n zastoupen . Zeman_TV Barandov_14122017 often in final position

Opinion A pokud jde o trendy, tak mysl m si, e kriminalita u n s m rn , ale v cem n vytrvale kles , co samoz ejm neuspokoj lov ka, kter mu ukradli j zdn kolo, ale glob ln to opravdu vypad o n co l pe. Zeman_TV Barandov_21092017

Opinion_Authority A te jenom ta prvn stVa v pov di, jak si podnikatel st uj na byrokracii. J jsem mluvil se stovkami z nich, a mysl m si, e jedin zp sob, jak tohle omezit, je rozhodnout, eka d nov na zen nebo z kon je podm n no t m, ezru m dva z kony p edchoz , rozum te mi? A t m bych postupn vy istil tu p epln nou, zaplevelenou legislativn sf ru. Zeman_TV_Barandov_28092017

Other similar expressions Domn v m, pokl d m, p esv d en, m m (dojem, r d) Verb Filler Attenuation Opinion neutral Opinion authority Opinion Attack Self-repair domn v m 0 1 6 2 1 0 pokl d m 1 0 3 6 0 0 p esv d en 0 0 4 5 1 0 m m dojem 0 6 0 2 6 0 m m r d 0 0 2 2 10 0 1 7 15 17 18 0

Opinion_Attack .n pad pana Kalouska, kter je v podstat d n jenom jeho pomstychtivost , u nen ministr financ , m lem se nedostal do Sn movny, tak se alespo sna kodit, e, ochromit innostSn movny. A proto e ostatn to odm tli, tak si mysl m, ea se pan Kalousek vymluv za e nick m pultem, co mu evidentn d l dob e, tak eSn movna se vr t k norm ln mu po dku. Zeman_TV Barandov_09112017

Self-repair J ne k mschv ln nejtvrd m, j nem m r d tvrd vyjednava e, proto e ono ci ne, je velmi jednoduch . Probl m je, e t m nic nevyjedn te. Mysl m t m obratn m. Zeman_TV Barandov_21122017