Analyzing Pragmatic and Discourse: Understanding Context, Situational Influences, and More

STUDY IN PRAGMATIC AND DISCOURSE BY : IRVAN KURNIA JAYA (1405085021) CHINTARI AZSA ARGIAN (1405085022) SARAH FAIRUZ B. (1405085023)

Analysing the Discourse in Context Situational context Cultural and interpersonal background context Exophora, deixis, and intertextuality

Situational context Immediate context influences communication Setting/place (home, school, play field, theater, etc.) Activity (lecture, discussion, free play, pair- share, party, etc.) Environment (materials, light, noise, furniture, temperature, number of people, etc.)

Example: God it s hot in here has place deixis in the form of a demonstrative adverb here pointing to the room that they are in.

Cultural and interpersonal background context Knowing what the speaker saying with look at the speaker background. Example: Pelayan: masnya apa? Pelanggan: saya bakso mba.

Exophora In English grammar, exophora is the use of a pronoun or other word or phrase to refer to someone or something outside the text.

Example: Speaker A: I'm hungry. Ooh look at that. Six bedrooms. Jesus. It's quite cheap for six bedrooms isn't it seventy thou. Not that we could afford it anyway. Is that the one you were on about? Speaker B: Don't know.

deixis Deixis is the single most obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures of languages themselves. Deixis concerns on the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. It reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as: who is speaking the time or place of speaking the gestures of the speaker, or the current location in the discourse.

intertextuality Intertextuality refers to the interdependent ways in which texts stand in relation to one another (as well as to the culture at large) to produce meaning.

Analysing the Discourse in Co-text Grammatical cohesion - endophoric reference - substitution and ellips Lexical cohesion

Grammatical cohesion Endophoric reference The identity of a presuming item can be retrieved from elsewhere within the text itself. - Anaphoric (when it refers to preceding text) - Cataphoric (when it refers to following text)

Example Anaphoric The county council had promised to bring water to the village, but they hadn t - in which the they links back to the county council.

Cataphoric The news came as a terrible shock to them all, but most of all to Mrs. Mallard. It seemed her husband Brently had been killed in a railroad disaster. His friend, Richards, carried the sad tidings to Mrs. Mallard and her sister Josephine. - the news and them all, but it is only in the second sentence that we learn what that news was, and only in the third that we can establish the exact referent for them all (Mrs. Mallard, Richards, Josephine).

substitution and ellips substitution Substitution is the replacement of a word or phrase with a "filler" word (such as one, so, or do) to avoid repetition. Also called ellipsis-substitution. Consider, for example, how Gelett Burgess relies on substitution in his nonsense poem "Purple Cow" (1895): I never saw a Purple Cow, I never hope to see one; But I can tell you, anyhow, I'd rather see than be one.

ellips Ellipsis is the omission of a word or series of words and a linguistically appropriate omission of words that are mutually understood and thus unnecessary. Example : I went to the mall on Monday, and she on Sunday. A contextually identical sentence would be I went to the mall on Monday, and she went to the mall on Sunday. The words to the mall are omitted because they are understood from the context what the speaker is referring to.

Lexical cohesion Lexical cohesion comes about through the selection of items that are related in some way to those that have gone before (Halliday, 1985: 310). Types of lexical cohesion are repetition, synonymy and collocation.

Example In the baseball game, our team scored four homeruns, the other team, only two In this example, the words homeruns is left out of the second part of the sentence. The sentence remains complete, however, because the context makes it clear that the author is referring to homeruns, not something else.

Analyzsing text using Context Speech act Direct Speech Acts Felicity Conditions Indirect Speech Conversational analysis Interactional sociolinguistic

SPEECH ACT Is an utterance as a functional unit in communication ( Richards et al, 1989: 265) Such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, request, negotiation, etc.

Direct Speech Act Vs. Indirect Speech Act

Three kinds of speech act (Austin, 1962) Locutionary act is the basic act of utterance or producing a meaningful linguistic expression Illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance Perlocutionary act is the act of affecting someone

Felicity conditions Are conventions that speakers and addressees use as a code to produce and recognize actions. Speakers use the felicity conditions for actions as a device for encoding their actions into sentences with a particular linguistic structure that speakers then utter

Boss : Under cover? This isnt your private army. Is she OK? Dalziel : She s good. In fact she spent half her childhood on a horse. Boss : How do I know yo re lying to me, Andy? Dalziel : Look, we ve even given her a full story; set up a liaison point. Visitoors often go on ride with another hunt. They come for few days, stay at a local pub, borrow a horse. And since hunting is about drinking as much as it is riding, it shouldn t be long before someone becomes indiscreet.

Cont. Boss : All right. But don t upset the locals. Hounsden is a nice village. Dalziel : Pity it s not a bunch of miners-then we could have done what we liked. Boss : Watch it superintendent! I m not asking you to kow-tow to the gentry I m telling you to go by the book. You see I know how you work

Conversational analysis It design to look at how real data unfolds and utterences affects each other. Interactional sociolinguistic Interpersonal relation A.k.a closeness

Cooperation and Relevance The philosopher Paul Grice whereby those involved in communication assume that both parties will normally seek to cooperate with each other to meaning. It is composed of four maxims: Quality, Quantity, Relation, and Manner. establish agreed The definition of Relevance, suggests a practical procedure for performing these sub tasks and constructing a hypothesis about the speaker s meaning.

Ex. Husband: where are the car keys? Wife: they re on the table in the hall. The wife has answered clearly (manner) and truthfully (Quality), has given just the right amount of information (Quantity) and has directly addressed her husband s goal is asking the question (Relation). She has said precisely what she meant, no more and no less.

The principle of politeness Politeness has no place within pragmatics. It is difficult to access to the speakers real motivation for speaking as they do, and discussion as to whether one group of people is politer that another. We only can curiously to what speakers say and to how their hearers react. 1. Positive Politeness 2. Negative Politeness

1. Positive politeness A face saving act concerned with the person s positive face will tend to show solidarity. Emphasize that both speakers want the same thing and have a common goal. e.g: hey buddy, is it OK for me to have a beer?

2. Negative politeness A face saving act oriented to a person s negative face tends to show deference. Emphasizes the importance of the other s time or concerns and may include an apology for the imposition. e.g: I hope it s not too forward, but would it be possible for me to have a beer?