APES Exam Review: Matter, Energy, Ecosystems, Biodiversity Questions

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APES Exam Review APES Exam Review Air pollution, climate change, biomes resources Matter, energy, ecosystems, biodiversity Renewable & nonrenewable Human population, food/soil mgmt Water resources, pollution, aquatic systems Environmen- tal hazards, miscellan- eous 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 FINAL

Matter, energy, ecosystems, biodiversity 100 Why are invasive species harmful? Give an example of an invasive species and explain how they got there and what problems they caused. Lionfish, water hyacinth, Formosa termites, zebra mussels, nutria, etc.

Matter, energy, ecosystems, biodiversity 200 How is the phosphorous cycle different from other biogeochemical cycles? There is no atmospheric component, it is much slower, it involves rocks as a substantial role, it relies on weathering of rock, etc.

Matter, energy, ecosystems, biodiversity 300 How does geographic or reproductive isolation contribute to biodiversity? Isolation allows two populations of one species to evolve independently of each other. If this happens for a long enough period of time, speciation occurs and they are recognized as two different species.

Matter, energy, ecosystems, biodiversity 400 What is an ecological niche? Distinguish between specialist and generalist species. The role of a species in its ecosystem and all conditions it needs to live (food, water, space). A specialist has a narrow ecological niche and zone of tolerance for many conditions it needs to live; often found in only one place in the world (example: Madagascar lemurs). A generalist is adapted to a broad range of conditions and are often found in many places (cockroaches, humans).

Matter, energy, ecosystems, biodiversity 500 What is the definition of ecological footprint? Amount of land and water needed to supply a population with the resources it uses and degrade the wastes produced; a measure of the environmental impact of people in difference areas.

Air pollution, climate change, biomes 100 Which biome is expanding rapidly? Desert- why?

Air pollution, climate change, biomes 200 What is the rain shadow effect? More rainfall on the windward side of mountain ranges, deserts forming on the leeward side

Air pollution, climate change, biomes 300 Give 3 realistic impacts of anthropogenic climate change (either projected to happen or have already been happening). Spreading of tropical diseases, glacial & ice sheet melting, sea level rise, more intense hurricanes, more frequent El Ni o cycles, more severe droughts and floods, etc.

Air pollution, climate change, biomes 400 Which of the following is a beneficial gas when found in the stratosphere but harmful when produced in the troposphere? a. Radon b. Carbon monoxide c. Ozone d. Methane e. CFCs c. Ozone

Air pollution, climate change, biomes 500 Give 3 air pollutants released by the combustion of fossil fuels. Only one can contain carbon. Primary pollutants: carbon dioxide OR carbon monoxide OR CFCs, NOx, SOx, mercury. Secondary pollutants: acid rain (nitric acid, sulfuric acid), ozone, PANs

Renewable & nonrenewable resources 100 The half life of a radioactive substance is 10 million years. If 12.5% of the substance is remaining, how much time has passed? 12.5% = 1/8, which is 3 half lives. 3 x 10 million years = 30 million years

Renewable & nonrenewable resources 200 All nonrenewable power plants (nuclear, coal, natural gas) produce thermal pollution. a. Where does the thermal pollution go? b. What is the impact of this thermal pollution? a. Into the atmosphere/into a body of water b. Warms the atmosphere/causes an oxygen depleted zone in the water

Renewable & nonrenewable resources 300 The environmental effects of a hydroelectric dam include which of the following? (could be multiple) I. Loss of land for agriculture II. Habitat/ecosystem fragmentation III. Sediment buildup behind the dam IV. Disruption of migratory species All of the above

Renewable & nonrenewable resources 400 a. Which fuel resource used for the generation of electricity is used the most in the United States? b. Which fuel resource produces the most harmful air & water pollutants? a. Coal b. Coal

Renewable & nonrenewable resources 500 a. What fuel source is extracted using hydraulic fracturing, or fracking? Give one example of an environmental impact from fracking. a.Natural gas b.Increased seismic activity, contamination of drinking water with natural gas and/or fracking chemicals, disruption of food webs from contamination of water sources b.

Human population, food/soil management 100 Give an example of a country that could have an age structure diagram with this shape: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, many African countries (such as Kenya, Liberia)

Human population, food/soil management 200 Give 3 factors that slow down population growth rates to more stable numbers. Access to basic healthcare Education opportunities for women and children Women as members of the workforce Access to family planning options Family planning legislation that encourage families to have fewer children (like China) Reduction of poverty (less pressure to have more children)

Human population, food/soil management 300 Give 3 environmental problems caused/worsened by the food industry. Fertilizer runoff, water shortage, soil erosion from clearing forests, soil salinization, water logging, adding greenhouse gases into the atmosphere

Human population, food/soil management 400 What is monoculture? a. Organic farming b. Tilling the land once a year c. Growing a single crop in the same field for many years d. A GMO grain C. Growing a single crop in the same field for many years

DAILY DOUBLE Human population, food/soil management A town s 2015 population is 12,000. The birth rate is 20 per 1000 and the death rate is 10 per 1000. What will the 2016 population be? P1 = 12,120 Bonus point opportunity!

Water resources, pollution, aquatic systems 100 All of the following can influence major ocean currents except: a. Glacier or ice sheet melting b. Gravity c. Differences in water density d. Earthquakes e. Offshore wind turbines f. Differences in water salinity e. Offshore wind turbines

Water resources, pollution, aquatic systems 200 What is the water table? The top part of the Zone of Saturation, where the spaces between soil particles and rock are filled with water.

Water resources, pollution, aquatic systems 300 Give 2 problems caused by depleting an aquifer. Land subsidence (sinking), sinkholes, contamination by saltwater, worsened drought

Water resources, pollution, aquatic systems 400 Give 2 reasons why a dam and reservoir would be built. The reservoir can be used for irrigation water, drinking water, or recreational activities. The dam can be used to generate electricity or reduce flooding downstream.

Water resources, pollution, aquatic systems 500 What is thermohaline circulation? The transfer of heat driven by differences in saltwater densities.

Environmental hazards, miscellaneous 100 Since we live in the PNW which has abundant reliable runoff, why do we care about the Colorado River and the drought in the Southwestern US? A substantial portion of crops are grown and livestock is raised there. 15% of the nation s food is watered directly from the Colorado River.

Environmental hazards, miscellaneous 200 What is the name for organisms that are strong swimmers? (Many never touch the ocean floor in their lifetime) Nekton (pelagic also okay)

Environmental hazards, miscellaneous 300 Give 2 examples of biological hazards. Any infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, insects, etc. Cancer caused by environmental conditions Biohazard material (human waste or tissue)

Environmental hazards, miscellaneous 400 Give 2 examples of chemical hazards. Pesticides, pharmaceuticals, radiation, VOCs, etc.

Environmental hazards, miscellaneous 500 When a coiled wire is spun around a magnet, an electrical current is produced. What is the name of the component that is spun? What is the name of the component that produces the electricity? Turbine, generator

FINAL JEOPARDY Describe what an El Ni o is and where it occurs. The warm phase of cycling warm and cold surface temperatures in the ocean. This causes increased ocean evaporation, which triggers major climate events like tropical storms on the Pacific Coast of South America. This also disrupts nutrient upwelling, depriving shallower waters of nutrients, resulting in depletion of fish populations. This is very harmful for higher consumers (like seals) and fishermen.