Basic Types in Programming Languages at Millersville University

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Primitive Data Types cover the fundamental building blocks of programming, including boolean, integral, and floating-point types. Explore the concepts of pointers, references, enumerations, and more within the context of programming languages. Understand the representations, implementations, and common sizes of integral values, as well as the nuances of boolean and floating-point data types. Dive into the world of programming with a solid foundation in basic types.

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Happy Monday! Checking off: Notes on Ch 20.1, 20.2 With your group, discuss what you know about these: Methylation and Acetylation Genetic Engineering/Biotechnology Restriction enzymes Gel Electrophoresis

Methylation and Acetylation

The BIG Questions How can we use our knowledge of DNA to: diagnose disease or defect? cure disease or defect? change/improve organisms? What are the techniques & applications of biotechnology? direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes 2005-2006

Biotechnology Today Genetic Engineering manipulation of DNA if you are going to engineer DNA & genes & organisms, then you need a set of tools to work with this unit is a survey of those tools Our tool kit 2005-2006

Bioengineering Tool kit Basic Tools restriction enzymes ligase plasmids / cloning DNA libraries / probes Advanced Tools PCR DNA sequencing gel electrophoresis Southern blotting microarrays 2005-2006

Cut, Paste, Copy, Find Word processing metaphor cut restriction enzymes paste ligase copy plasmids Bacteria transformation PCR find Southern blotting / probes 2005-2006

Cut DNA Restriction enzymes restriction endonucleases discovered in 1960s evolved in bacteria to cut up foreign DNA ( restriction ) protection against viruses & other bacteria 2005-2006

What do you notice about these phrases? radar racecar Madam I m Adam Able was I ere I saw Elba a man, a plan, a canal, Panama Was it a bar or a bat I saw? 2005-2006

Restriction Enzymes Also known as restriction endonucleases, are enzymes that cut a DNA molecule at a particular place. They are essential tools for recombinant DNA technology. The enzyme "scans" a DNA molecule, looking for a particular sequence, usually of four to six nucleotides.

Madam Im Adam Restriction Enzymes, c td Action of enzyme cut DNA at specific sequences restriction site symmetrical palindrome produces protruding ends sticky ends Many different enzymes named after organism they are found in EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, SmaI CTGAATTCCG GACTTAAGGC CTG|AATTCCG GACTTAA|GGC 2005-2006

How restriction enzymes are used GAATTC CTTAAG GAATTC CTTAAG DNA Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA Sticky ends (complementary single-stranded DNA tails) AATTC G CTTAA G Add DNA from another source cut with same restriction enzyme AATTC G G CTTAA AATTC G DNA ligase joins the strands. GAATTC CTTAAG 2005-2006 Recombinant DNA molecule

Paste DNA Sticky ends allow: H bonds between complementary bases to anneal Ligase enzyme seals strands bonds sugar- phosphate bonds covalent bond of DNA backbone 2005-2006

Then what? DNA, cut at restriction sites, will be different lengths and will contain genes within those lengths. To analyze, mix with solutions that will allow them to travel through a medium based on size, shape, and charge. Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.