Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Cervical cancer is the 3rd most common cancer in women worldwide. It develops slowly, starting with a precancerous condition called dysplasia. The cancer originates from the cervix or cervical canal epithelium and is often caused by HPV infection. Early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, contraceptive pill use, and weak immune systems are key risk factors. Symptoms include vaginal discharge, irregular bleeding, and pain. Diagnosing involves a history collection, physical examination, and tests like Pap smears and imaging studies. Complications can include fistula and metastasis.
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CERVICAL CANCER
INTRODUCTION CERVICAL CANCER IS THE 3RDMOST COMMON CANCER IN WOMAN WORLD WIDE. CERVICAL CANCER IS A DISEASE THAT DEVELOP QUITE, SLOWLY AND BEGINS WITH A PRECANCEROUS CONDITION CALLED DYSPLASIA
DEFINITION IT IS THE CANCER OF NECK (CERVIX) OF THE UTERUS. THE TUMOUR MAY DEVELOP FROM THE SURFACE EPITHELIUM OF CERVIX OR FROM THE EPITHELIAL LINING OF CERVICAL CANAL. (ADINOCARCINOMA). VARIOUS STRAINS OF HUMAN PAPILOMA VIRUS (HPV) VERIES A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION PLAY A ROLE IN CAUSING MOST CERVICAL CANCER.
CAUSES EARLY SEXUAL ACTIVITY MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNER HISTORY OF HIV/ AIDS EARLY FIRST PREGNANCY LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS UNTREATED CHRONIC CERVICITIS CHRONIC IRRITATION OF CERVIX
RISK FACTOR SMOKING EXCESSIVE USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS ALCOHOL WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM FAMILY HISTORY
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS WATERY VAGINAL DISCHARGE IRREGULAR VAGINAL BLEEDING OR SPOTTING BETWEEN PERIODS OR AFTER MENOPAUSE. LEG PAIN DYSURIA (IRRITATION DURING URINATION) RECTAL BLEEDING EDEMA OF THE EXTREMITIES WEIGHT LOSS ANAEMIA
COMPLICATION FISTULA :- (JOINING) AN ABNORMAL PASSAGE FROM AN INTERNAL ORGAN TO THE BODY SURFACE OR BETWEEN TWO INTERNAL ORGAN. METASTASIS UTRINE PERFORATION (PENETRATION , INJURY) VAGINAL STENOSIS (NARROWING OF ANY CANAL)
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION HISTORY COLLECTION PHYSICAL EXAMINATION PER VAGINAL EXAMINATION PAP SMEAR (SAMPLE OF CELL FROM THE CERVIX TO CHECK FOR ABNORMALITIES THAT MAY BE INDICATIVE OF CERVICAL CANCER.) X-RAY PYELOGRAPHY (AN X-RAY TECHNIQUE FOR PRODUCING AN IMAGE OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URINARY TRACT BY THE INTRODUCTION OF A RADIOOPAQUE FLUID.) UROGRAPHY CYSTOSCOPY (TO EXAMINE THE LINING OF THE BLADDER)
CONT.. COLPOSCOPY OR VAGINOSCOPY (TO EXAMINE THE CERVIX VAGINA AND VULVA.) PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPY CT SCAN BARIUM STUDY (A TEST THAT INVOLVES FILLING THE ORGAN WITH A BARIUM SOLUTION IN PREPARATION FOR AN X-RAY TO DEFINE THE ANATOMY OF THE ORGAN) MAINLY OESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, AND SMALL INTESTINE.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT RADIOTHERAPY CHEMOPTHERAPY
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT HYSTERECTOMY RADICAL TRACHELECTOMY (REMOVAL OF CERVIX) ALTERNATIVE TO HYSTERECTOMY. LASER THERAPY CRYOSURGERY (FREEZING WITH NITROUS OXIDE) SURGERY USING THE LOCAL APPLICATION OF INTENSE COLD TO DESTROY UNWANTED TISSUES. LEEP ( LOOP ELECTROSURGICAL EXCISION PROCEDURE) A WIRE LOOP WHICH HAS AN ELECTRIC CURRENT CUTS THROUGH TISSUE REMOVING CELLS FROM THE MOUTH OF THE CERVIX.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS ACUTE OR CHRONIC PAIN RELATED TO METASTASIS AND SURGERY AS EVIDENCED BY FACIAL EXPRESSION. ANXIETY RELATED TO CANCER AND TREATMENT AS EVIDENCED BY FATIGUE OR SLEEP DISTURBANCE. RISK FOR IMPAIRED SKIN INTEGRITY RELATED TO RADIATION AS EVIDENCED BY DRY SKIN OR SKIN RASHES. FEAR RELATED TO DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL CANCER AS EVIDENCED BY FACIAL EXPRESSION OR PATIENT VERBALIZATION. ALTERED TISSUE PERFUSION RELATED TO HYPOVOLEMIA AS EVIDENCED BY EXTREMITIES WEAKNESS. DEFICIENT KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO PREOPERATIVE ASPECTS OF HYSTERECTOMY AND SELF CARE AS EVIDENCED BY ASKING MORE DOUBTS BY THE PATIENTS.
