China-Africa Science, Technology, and Innovation Collaboration: Discovering Mutually Beneficial Relations
This article explores the collaborative efforts between China and Africa in science, technology, and innovation, emphasizing mutually beneficial relations. It delves into various initiatives, projects, and research collaborations aimed at fostering economic elements of partnership, trade, finance, and investment governance within the BRICS network. Insights on China-Africa relations, examples, forums, and a focus on digital innovation are also discussed.
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Title: China-Africa Science, Technology and Innovation Collaboration: Discovering the Mutually Beneficial Relations 2022 BRICS Network University Annual Conference International Symposium on Economic Elements of Partnership: Trade, Finance and Investment Governance with BRICS by Mammo Muchie, DPhil: DST/NRF Rated Research Professor Tshwane University of Technology, Adjunct Professor, BDU, UoG & Haramaya University, Ethiopia, and Africa Centre of Excellence in Data Science, University of Rwanda;TMDC, Oxford University & Chairman of AGAVA in South Africa April 20, 2022 https://assistsarchi.wixsite.com/assist & www.sarchi.org &www.nesglobal.org
Outline Outline Inspiration China-Africa Relations Some Examples of the China-Africa Relations The Right Model to the China-Africa Relation The Different China-Africa Initiatives Forum on China-Africa Cooperation China-Africa Partnership on Digital Innovation The China-Africa Science, Technology Innovation Collaboration New Edited BOOK to be Published in 2022 Projects and Research Publication and Patent Collaborations Concluding Remarks Finally
Inspiration Inspiration If China follows at the heels of the imperialistic and militaristic nations, China s ascendency to power would not only be useless, but harmful to humanity. The only glorious and honourable path for us to pursue is to maintain in full force the old policy of helping the weak and curbing the strong. When the days of our prosperity come, we must not forget the pain and misery which we are now suffering from the pressure of economic and political forces of the Powers. When our country becomes powerful, we should assume responsibility of delivering those nations, which suffer in the same way as we do now. This is what Ta Hseuch means by securing tranquillity. Sun Yassin, National Morale and World Tranquillity, in Lewis Copeland, Lawrence W. Lamm & Stephen J. McKenna (eds.), The World Great Speeches, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 1999, pp. 399- 401.
Inspiration Inspiration China s investment in Africa comes with no political strings. President Xi Jinping China does not interfere in Africa s internal affairs and does not impose its own will on Africa. -- President Xi Jinping
What Africa Can Learn from China What Africa Can Learn from China China now has attained a development status of SDGs No.1: Zero Poverty Unemployment and inequality are decreasing and is on the path to achieve Green Future index for low or no carbon emission sustainable development Knowing How to Deal with Covid-19 Challenges: China is only country where education continued regardless of school closures China also managed effectively teaching to take place through internet and distance learning There is much for Africa to learn from China s rock-star success How did China manage to deal with and respond to the global economy? The best gift China can give to Africa is to share frankly and honestly how the Chinese managed the difficult journey and achieved such a globally renowned success, especially building science, technology and innovation capabilities.
The Right Model to the China The Right Model to the China- -Africa Relation Africa Relation The principle of mutual benefit is how China and Africa China relations must be conceptually framed, founded and anchored The gains and losses in the relationship have to be fully transparent, open, tangible, explicit, measurable and fully known. What China can try to do is assist Africans to engage in an economic and political model relations to make Africa fully independent. The Africa-China new pathway to build the win-win mutually beneficial relationship is a priority Together China and Africa should develop the unique role model where no one loses but all as partners gain China with her African relations must demonstrate to give real lessons to the former colonial powers that still keep making Africa a loser.
The Different China The Different China- -Africa Initiatives Africa Initiatives The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) initiative was started in 2006. Since then, it has been organized every three years. The Belt and Road Science, Technology and Innovation Cooperation Action Plan The China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program 2.0 aim to help advance Africa's capacity-building in S&T and innovation and promote the economic and social development of African countries.
China China- -Africa Science and Technology Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program Partnership Program China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program (CASTEP) was launched in 2009 to establish a new type of practical, efficient and robust S&T partnership with African countries aiming at sharing experience, tapping cooperation potential, taking full advantage of S&T s role in promoting socio-economic development, and facilitating the sustainable development of African countries .
The Objectives Include the Following The Objectives Include the Following: The objectives included: 1. Capacity building in S&T policy making and management; 2. Capacity building in promoting the development of S&T industries; 3. Capacity building in improving people s livelihood through S&T.
Mechanisms set to achieve the objectives Mechanisms set to achieve the objectives Include: Include: .1. Policy studies; 2. Technical services; 3. Human resources development; 4. Joint research; 5. Technological demonstration; 6. In-kind donations (such as research equipment to support African researchers' work); 7. UN cooperation programs with Africa.
Forum on China Forum on China- -Africa Cooperation Africa Cooperation At the third Summit of the Forum on China Africa Cooperation in Beijing in 2018, China has pledged US$60 billion in grants and loans for infrastructure projects, medical programmes, clean-energy initiatives and other projects in Africa. As part of the plan, China will train African scientists to improve African science in fields from agriculture and climate change to quantum physics and artificial intelligence. China will offer 50,000 scholarships for African students including scientists, to study in China, and will provide short-term training opportunities for another 50,000 people to travel to seminars and workshops. The action plan also offers scholarships for postgraduate training in China and at African institutions, such as the Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre at the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Juja, Kenya. China has made commitment to build the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), a Continent-wide Public Health Agency to safeguard Africa's health.
Other areas of collaboration include Other areas of collaboration include (I) Development of the China-Africa Joint Research Center, for conducting scientific research and training professionals with a focus on ecological preservation, bio- diversity protection, agriculture and food security, and water environment treatment; (ii) Setting up intermediary institutions (Technology Transfer Offices (TTO)) linking research and production, and cooperation on training, public awareness and the system and practice of intellectual property rights examination and registration; (iii) The China-Africa Green Envoys Program to strengthen Africa's human capacity for environmental management, pollution prevention and control, and green development; (iv) Providing meteorological satellite data, products and necessary technical support such as remote-sensing application equipment, education and training to better equip African countries for disaster prevention and mitigation as well as climate change response; (v) Strengthening climate change adaption capabilities through providing assistance in kind and capacity-building training.
China China- -Africa Partnership on Digital Innovation Africa Partnership on Digital Innovation On August 24, 2021, the China-Africa Partnership Plan on Digital Innovation initiative was proposed. Under the initiative China will share digital technologies with Africa to promote digital infrastructure connectivity, including fiber optic backbone networks, cross-border connectivity and new-generation mobile communication networks, and help expand Internet access in Africa's remote areas. It will also help adoption of new technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and mobile payment. Further, the initiative proposes to strengthen e-commerce cooperation with Africa to bring more quality African products into the Chinese market.
The China The China- -Africa Science, Technology Innovation Africa Science, Technology Innovation Collaboration New Edited BOOK to Collaboration New Edited BOOK to b be Published in 2022 2022 e Published in Africa-China Science, Technology, Innovation and Sustainable Development to be published in 2022 with contributions from all scholars for Africa to learn from the Chinese extraordinary successful journey to eradicate poverty and apply digital technology to deal with and respond effectively with the pandemic, climate change and demographic explosion with values of supporting all as one humanity in one world community. The idea originated from the Chinese embassy of South Africa. We sincerely appreciate this great vision from the embassy leadership and we have now received papers and abstracts that have reached 30 contributions.
The The proposed book invites research papers on the proposed book invites research papers on the following topics following topics : : 1. Evolution of China-Africa collaborations in science, technology and innovation 2. China-Africa collaboration in higher education 3. China-Africa research collaboration and training 4. China-Africa collaboration in agriculture and food security 5. China-Africa collaboration in environmental management and climate change 6. China-Africa collaboration in telecommunications 7. China-Africa collaboration in digital technologies 8. China-Africa collaboration in renewable energy 9. China-Africa collaboration in space technology applications 10. China-Africa collaboration in manufacturing 11. China-Africa collaboration in health sector
Some Examples of Projects the Chinese are funding in Africa Railways projects Kenya, Ethiopia, Angola, Djibouti, and Nigeria. Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway, was funded by China at an estimated cost of R57.2 billion. AU Headquarters R3 billion African Union headquarters located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ECOWAS Headquarters Abuja at a cost of R475.7 million ($31.6 million) Ghana's Bauxite Exploration In 2017, Ghana agreed to a R150 million bauxite exploration deal Angola's Caculo Cubaca Hydropower plant R67.7 billion and is set to produce 2,172 megawatts of electricity Congo's Special Economic Zone The zone will be build in Pointe Noire in what China calls a "direct investment" and not a loan or gift Nigeria's Edo State Oil refinery Edo State at a cost of R30.1 billion Zambia's cement factory R7.5 billion ($500 million) and will be completed in two phases Egypt's new city China Fortune Land Development is set to invest up to R301.1 billion to build an upmarket residential district, an industrial zone, schools, a university and recreational centres in a new city in Egypt Zimbabwe's new parliament Harare, at an expected cost of R2.1 billion
Research Publication and Patent Collaborations How the S&T cooperation are taking place between African countries and China? What are the growth patterns of joint Sino-Africa publications? Who are among the African countries collaborating more with China? How the institute and country label collaborations have taken place in scholarly publications? What is the scenario of technological collaboration patterns as reflected from joint patents? How are the varied entities collaborating in joint patents?
Data Sources to Explore the China-Africa Research Publication and Patent Collaborations Scholarly publication data from Web of Science database Patent data from WIPO Patentscope database Bibliometrics and Scientometrics indicators Social Network Analysis tools
China-Africa Science Collaboration is Growing Publishing Trends from 1975 to 2017 From 2011 to 2017 the publications were more than five and half times more than the total for 2001 to 2010 The Publications do not include all the African states (see Muchie & Swapan paper on the Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 2020) The countries in Africa with good science and technology infrastructure attract collaboration with Chinese researchers
Comparative growth of Chinese scholarly publication with China-Africa collaborative research papers 450000 3500 400000 Number of Africa - China collaborative papers 3000 Total Africa - China collaborative papers Total Chinese research papers 350000 2500 Number of papers form China 300000 2000 250000 200000 1500 150000 1000 100000 500 50000 0 0 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017
Region wise collaborative articles among China and African Countries 3500 Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Total Africa - China collaborative papers Western Africa 3000 Number of China - Africa collaborative research papers 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Year
Institutional collaboration Network (the largest and the prominent component shows in red colour)
Big S&T Project and African involvement Big S&T Project and African involvement Total publications including African collaborators till 2017 Name of the collaborations Total publication till 2017 Descriptions African country involved and Number of publications Atlas Collaboration 2083 653 ATLAS is one of the four major general-purpose particle physics experiment run through international collaboration. Morocco (653) / South Africa (647) / Algeria (1) Egypt (611)/ South Africa (2) /Madagascar (1) CMS Collaboration 1851 611 CMS international collaboration of particle physics is participated by over 4000 particle physicists and other experts in the field. The consortium has about 200 institutional members from more than 40 countries. Alice Collaboration 1133 176 A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) Collaboration was formed for research on strongly interacting matter at extreme energy densities. This forum is participated by more than 1000 physicists 30 countries 100 physics institutes. South Africa (182) / Egypt (7) MOA Collaboration 96 47 Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA) is a joint Japan and New Zeeland collaboration project to study dark matter, extra-solar planets and stellar atmospheres. South Africa (47) Star Collaboration 1042 37 STAR is composed of 69 institutions from 14 countries, with a total of 690 collaborators. Egypt (37) / South Africa (2) RoboNet, Collaboration 48 37 RoboNet is the robotic telescopes collaboration program to explore terrestrial exoplanets. South Africa (37) Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration 71 16 Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science national laboratory. This lab explores the Nature of Matter. Egypt(16) / Tunisia (3) / South Africa (2) / Algeria (1) LIGO Scientific Collaboration 255 12 LIGO Scientific Collaboration formed in 1997 to study the gravitational waves. More than 1000 scientists from over 100 institutions and 18 countries worldwide are the participant of this consortium. South Africa (8) / Morocco (5) / Namibia (1) Ogle Collaboration 117 12 The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment project was started in 1992 to South Africa (45)
Joint Patenting Between Africa and China Patents increased steadily until 2011 But collaboration on patents are not growing as publications Egypt, South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tunisia , Morocco and Algeria hold more joint patents with China than all other African countries
Chinese collaborative patents with African countries extracted from applicant address field Zone Country Code AO Name Number of Patents Zone Country Code DZ Name Number of Patents Central Africa Republic of Angola 0Northern Africa 18 2 0 7 People`s Democratic Republic of Algeria 52 CM CF TD CG Republic of Cameroon Central African Republic The Republic of Chad Republic of the Congo EG LY MA EH Arab Republic of Egypt State of Libya Kingdom of Morocco Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic 143 2 55 0 CD GQ GA ST Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of Equatorial Guinea Gabonese Republic Democratic Republic of sao Tome and Principe Republic of Burundi Union of the Comoros Republic of Djibouti State of Eritrea Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Republic of Kenya Republic of Madagascar Republic of Malawi Republic of Mauritius Republic of Mozambique Republic of Rwanda Republic of Seychelles Somali Republic Republic of South Sudan United Republic of Tanzania Republic of Uganda Republic of Zambia Republic of Zimbabwe 4 0 0Southern Africa 0 SD TN BW LS Republic of The Sudan Tunisian Republic Republic of Botswana Kingdom of Lesotho 15 61 0 0 Eastern Africa BI KM DJ ER ET 2 2 0 7Western Africa 63 NA ZA SZ BJ BF Republic of Namibia Republic of South Africa Kingdom of Swaziland Republic of Benin Burkina Faso 1 113 2 2 2 KE MG MW MU MZ RW SC SO SS TZ UG ZM ZW 47 CV CI GM GH GN GW LR ML MR NE NG SN SL TG Republic of Cabo Verde Republic of Cote d'Ivoire Republic of the Gambia Republic of Ghana Republic of Guinea Republic of Guinea-Bissau Republic of Liberia Republic of Mali Republic of Mauritania Republic of Niger Federal Republic of Nigeria Republic of Senegal Republic of Sierra Leone Togolese Republic 0 1 0 44 0 0 3 0 4 1 62 3 3 0 3 0 19 0 0 7 1 0 17 10 5 11
Growth of Collaborative patents among African countries and China 100 90 80 70 60 Number of Patents 50 40 30 20 10 0 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Year
IPC Codes where joint patents happens IPC Codes Number of patents Detail description of Technology codes 4- digit IPC Codes C07D A61K Number of patents Detail description of Technology codes A61P 35/00 C07D 401/14 19 Antineoplastic agents 19 Heterocyclic compounds containing three or more hetero rings... 19 Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms... 18 Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings 17 Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring... 16 Network planning... 502 Heterocyclic Compounds 324 Preparations for Medical, Dental, Or Toilet Purposes C07D 487/04 H04W 146 Wireless Communication Networks C07D 401/04 A61P 106 Specific Therapeutic Activity of Chemical Compounds or Medicinal Preparations 98 Acyclic or Carbocyclic Compounds C07D 471/04 C07C H04W 16/14 H01L 86 Semiconductor Devices; Electric Solid-State Devices Not Otherwise Provided For 73 Semiconductor Devices; Electric Solid-State Devices Not Otherwise Provided For 60 Microorganisms or Enzymes; Compositions Thereof C07D 401/12 15 Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings... 13 Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings... 13 Local resource management, e.g. selection or allocation of wireless resources or wireless traffic scheduling H04L C07D 413/12 C12N H04W 72/04 G06F 58 Electric Digital Data Processing A61K 38/00 A61P 25/00 C12Q 1/68 12 Medicinal preparations containing peptides 12 Drugs for disorders of the nervous system 11 Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms 10 Radio transmission systems C07K B01J H04B 54 Peptides 52 Chemical or physical processes 52 Transmission H04B 7/06 G01N 47 Investigating or Analysing Materials by Determining Their Chemical or Physical Properties 47 Processes or means, e.g. Batteries, for the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy H04W 72/12 10 Local resource management, e.g. selection or allocation of wireless resources or wireless traffic scheduling H01M
Concluding Remarks Science and Technology (S&T) collaboration between China and Africa is evolving We should all engage to make the collaboration booming Do all possible to make it inclusive and sustainable China has more collaborations with others in BRICS Group (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), Asia and USA and Europe. What is also evident is that China has more collaboration with countries in Africa that have better S&T infrastructure
Concluding Remark Concluding Remark The strong collaboration of China with Africa in science, technology and innovation research publications and patents can serve to promote systematically and effectively China becoming the model for building mutually beneficial relations that Africa never had with its relationships with the colonialists. More African states can benefit with the collaboration with China The China-Africa Science, Technology and Innovation collaboration has to grow. The Book in 2022 will contribute to strengthen the China-Africa long term, productive, enduring and sustainable collaboration and cooperation.
Finally Finally Sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. Hangtian Xu and the team that organised this conference and Prof. Xiaolan Fu for all the research on innovation under the radar. Sincere appreciation to Dr. Swapan for his excellent research support when he was a post-doc with the SARChI chair. Gratitude to the co-editors of the coming book on China-Africa Science, Technology and Innovation Collaboration Prof. Baskaran & Prof. Mingfeng for all the hard work to publish this critically important book. www.sarchi.org &www.nesglobal.org & https://assistsarchi.wixsite.com/assist &https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rajs20/current & https://sarchi.org/jcise/ &https://sarchi.org/?tag=ee-jrif
Sharing Journals on Science, Technology and Sharing Journals on Science, Technology and Innovation Innovation www.sarchi.org www.nesglobal.org https://assistsarchi.wixsite.com/assist https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rajs20/current & https://sarchi.org/jcise/ https://sarchi.org/?tag=ee-jrif
