Choosing Species for Federal Management within MSA Context
Establish expert panels to draft species lists for management in Puerto Rico, St. Thomas/St. John, and St. Croix FMPs. Develop alternatives for species groupings, reference points, and additional actions. Tentative timeline includes presenting a Public Hearing Draft by spring 2016.
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Presentation Transcript
What is Facebook? A study conducted at the University of Pennsylvania Creator: Richard S. Lurito, UPenn 12 Statistical Advisor: Dr. Shane T. Jensen, Department of Statistics, The Wharton School Experimental Consultant: Jared S. Waxman, UPenn 12, Candidate for Master of Arts in Mathematics
Background and Basic Design Administered in Fall 2010 Sample: 84 Penn students, ages 18-22 Participants were randomly selected to be part of one of six experimental groups 1 of the 6 groups was a control group Participants in each distinct group (except the control) were prohibited from using one particular medium of communication for one week The control group participated without any restrictions in media use
Background and Basic Design The five groups of media under prohibition: Cell phone calls (both making and receiving) Texting (includes BlackBerry Messenger) Facebook (all access, including Facebook chat) Email Online Messaging (AIM/iChat/gChat) Prohibition was enforced through a variety of methods Main method: RescueTime.com, a web-based behavioral analytics tool Participants were then administered a comprehensive survey Participants were paid $30 after completion
What is Facebook? In light of the widespread interest in Facebook, are we any closer to knowing what Facebook really is? Is it a communications medium? How important is Facebook to users? Is it a network of friends? We will directly address these questions in presenting our data Indicates a statistically significant finding indicates a suggestive finding
Our Roadmap Guiding Question: What isn t Facebook? Is Facebook a communications medium? Are communications media interchangeable (substitutes for one another)? How important is Facebook to people? Is Facebook a network of friends? Does Facebook connect us with our real friends? What is the nature of this social network? Is Facebook a social information gathering tool? What do people think about the social information on Facebook? What kind of emotional response does the social information on Facebook elicit? Areas for Further Inquiry
Facebook: a communications medium? Relevant Findings for Participants: Texting was more important than Facebook to stay connected with friends The ability to call friends kept our participants more emotionally in touch than Facebook, texting or email Participants who went without texting and cell phone calls reported a significantly more difficult time communicating with their friends than their Facebook-prohibited counterparts From this data, we can infer that texting and cell-phone calling enabled participants to connect and communicate with each other better than Facebook
Facebook: a communications medium? Our participants assessed post-study that the following monetary values constituted fair compensation for going without each medium for one week $99 / week for going without email $85 / week for going without texting (*) $73 / week for going without cell phone calls $44 / week for going without Facebook Significance of Disparities in Valuations Email vs. Facebook Texting vs. Facebook Phone vs. Facebook Significant Nearly significant Suggestive From this data, we can infer that participants would give up Facebook more willingly than other media
Facebook: a communications medium? Additional relevant findings: Participants who went without texting reported that they compensated by callingmore ; participants who went without calling compensated by texting more Facebook-prohibited participants reported that they barely used alternative media to compensate for their inability to use Facebook No experimental group compensated through an increased use of Facebook From this data, we can infer that communications media are imperfect substitutes for each other Overall, there was little compensatory use of other media, and minimal compensatory use of Facebook
Facebook: a communications medium? Our participants preferred texting , email and cell phone calls to Facebook when asked how do you feel personallyabout these media? Participants in the texting-prohibited and email- prohibited groups were dismayed at the prospect of the week-long prohibition, more so than their Facebook- prohibited counterparts Participants in the Facebook-prohibited group were no more dismayed in their outlook than the control group From this data, we infer that participants generally feel less positively towards Facebook than towards other media The prospect of going without Facebook was not as dismaying to our participants as going without other media
Facebook: a communications medium? Based upon our evidence, Facebook may not be a medium in the traditional sense Our study and survey showed that: Our participants did not treat Facebook as a vital communication tool To our participants, Facebook was less instrumental than other media in connecting them with their friends When deprived of other media, our participants did not use Facebook as a substitute
Facebook: a network of friends? Relevant Findings: Our participants considered only 16% of their Facebook friends to be their real friends Our participants considered only 1-2% of their Facebook friends to be their closest friends 88% of our participants preferred calling or texting their closest friends over all other media 68% of our participants preferred communicating with their acquaintances through Facebook over all other media
Facebook: a network of friends? If Facebook is a social network , it probably does little to connect people with their closest friends Our study and survey showed that: Our participants use Facebook to keep up with acquaintances more so than with their real friends Our participants prefer other media to Facebook when communicating with their real friends
Facebook: a social information gathering tool? Relevant findings: Our participants considered Facebook to be very voyeuristic Our participants considered the behavior of their peers activity on Facebook to reflect a subconscious desire to be a part of another reality more so than they considered their own behavior to reflect such a desire Our participants considered their online profiles to more accurately reflect who they actually are versus the profiles of others Our participants may consider the information they gather on Facebook to be unreliable due to voyeurism, escapism and misrepresentation
What isnt Facebook? Based upon our data, we have suggested what we think Facebook is probably not Then what might it be? A Social Activity? Entertainment?
Areas for Future Inquiry: A Virtual Social Interaction? Relevant Finding: Participants who have low self-esteem did not enjoy Facebook nearly as much as those who have high self-esteem (self-assessment) This finding is consistent with Dr. Megan Moreno s studies at the University of Wisconsin* Inferences from data: The information on Facebook elicits emotional responses Is Facebook just another social activity that reinforces the positive or negative nature of a user s social interactions?? *Tanner, Lindsey. 2011. Doctors Warn About Facebook Depression in teens . CBS Boston. March 28. http://boston.cbslocal.com/2011/03/28/doctors-warn- about-facebook-depression-in-teens (accessed March 28, 2011)
Areas for Future Inquiry: Entertainment? Is Facebook pure entertainment? In this study, we focused mostly on the usage patterns, psychological preferences and attitudes of our participants In future studies, we will test the hypothesis of whether or not Facebook is mere entertainment
Conclusion Despite the fact that Facebook is probably not: A communications medium Connecting friends any better than calling or texting A network of friends Furnishing its users with accurate social information Hundreds of millions of people still use it
Conclusion Therefore, we can conclude that Facebook probably offers its users certain advantages which outweigh its deficiencies We look forward to investigating the nature of the advantages Facebook provides Statistical Note: Hypothesis testing was conducted at 95% confidence. Findings involving the comparison of sample means were labeled in the following way: Indicates a statistically significant finding indicates a suggestive finding
