Classification: Basic Concepts and Examples
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CLCS 233S17 TEST 2 REVIEW
European Celtic Culture FEATURES relative absence of political centralization lack of urbanization writing not acquired until Christian evangelization (> ca. 250 CE) EVIDENCE archaeological accounts by Greek and Roman authors Irish and Welsh mythological texts
Continental Celts social stratification (warrior aristocracy) loose tribal culture; lack of political centralization absence of permanent shrines/altars cult of warfare (fortifications, weapons) ritual violence (head-hunting, human sacrifice) local male deities pan-tribal female deities demonization assimilation (interpretatio Romana) preserved by monks from 11thcentury onward archaeologica l 3rd-party accounts Irish myths
Celtic Themes animism theriomorphism transmigration head-hunting human sacrifice druidism triplism local (solar) male deities pan-tribal female deities cauldrons Religious Mythic
druid tasked with maintenance of tradition, religious rites, divination, law, poetry, education belief in natural magic, reincarnation, transmigration
Continental Celtic Male Deities Teutates God of drowning Folk Thunderer Master Taranis Esus immolation hanging
sdhe s dhe subterranean or aquatic Tir na nOg (Land of Youth) / Mag Mell (Meadow of Joy) located at bottom of lakes or wells, or on distant islands land of continual regeneration feasting of the gods music, board games, horse racing cauldron of inextinguishable red ale cauldron of inextinguishable pork opening of s dhe at regular times of year humans lured into s dhe return unchanged years later
Celtic Calendar Samhain 1 November lighting of winter fires gates of s dh open disappearances and deaths sex between giant and goddess ewes come into milk Brigit fire-goddess FORGET IMBOLC Christian St. Brigid s Day beginning of planting season return of lost individuals weddings summer harvest markets horse-racing Imbolc 1 February FORGET IMBOLC Beltaine 1 May Lugnasadh 1 August
Lebhor Gabala Erenn (Book of the Takings of Ireland) 12thcentury compilation aims: (a) preserve traditional Irish foundation myths (b) synchronize Irish and Christian myths (c) provide Irish myths with Biblical authority migration myth divine/destined migration narrative of invader encounter with indigenous Other
Waves of Invaders 1. Cesair 2. Parthol n (Bartholomew) 3. Nemed 4. Fir Bholg ( Men of the Bag ? Belgians ?) 5. Tuatha D Danann ( People of the Goddess Danu ) 6. Sons of Mil Espaine ( Soldier of Spain ) (Milesians)
Lebhor Gabala Erenn IMPORTANT DETAILS IN RED 1 Cesair all die in Biblical Flood except Fintan, who survives for the next 5500 years in a variety of animal shapes clear plains, divide Ireland into 4 parts, establish agriculture, law, cauldron-making, ale-brewing, hospitality, fosterage clear plains and form lakes defeated by Fomoire and subjected to tribute of corn, milk, and children sacral kingship: reign of Eochaid mac Eirc = "golden age 2 Parthol n 3 Nemed 4 Fir Bholg
Fomoire / Fomorians < fo [under] + mor [phantom] / muir [sea]? malevolent beings misshapen: goat- and horse-headed one eye, one hand, one foot/leg gigantic / elvish plague and famine control of agricultural fertility
glm dcenn < gl m [satire] + d chen [destroy] uttered while standing on one leg, one arm behind back, one eye shut blisters face of victim, causes withering
Lebhor Gabala Erenn arrival on Beltaine four talismans: Lia F il (Stone of Destiny), Sword of Nuadu, G e Assail (Spear of Assail), Cauldron of Dagda defeat of Fir Bholg maiming of King Nuadu forces abdication; succeeded by King Bres revolt of Tuatha; Bres cursed; Lugh defeats Balor in 2nd Battle of Mag Tuired Bres spared death after teaching times for plowing 5 Tuatha D Danann
Lebhor Gabala Erenn defeat of Tuatha poet Amairgin receives authority from triple goddesses of Ireland ( riu, Banba, Fodla) 6 Milesians division of Ireland into upper and lower: Milesians rule upper world; Tuatha rule Other-world, below ground in s de
Euhemerism : theory that myths are originally accounts of historical figures and events that over the course of time become inflated, with the result that originally human beings are represented as deities Reverse Euhemerism : process by which mythic/religious accounts become deliberately historicized, with the result that originally divine beings are represented as human
Celtic Social Classes CLASS king/prie st warrior producer DEITY Nuadu Airgetlam ( silver arm ) ATTRIBUTE lia f il and sword gae assail cauldron Lugh Lamfhada ( long arm ) The Dagda ( good god )
The Dagda (Good God, God of Goods) potbelly, horsehair boots, short tunic, exposed rump club kills 9 with one end, resurrects 9 at other cauldron inexhaustibly full of stewed pork emerges from s dh at Samhain for hieros gamos
Mercury ~ Lugus = Lugh CONTINENTAL OLD IRISH Lugus Lugh
Machas 1 : Macha ( Meadow ) Machas 1 Macha gives birth (and name) to Emain Macha ( Twins of Macha ); inflicts no nden on men of Ulaid Macha Badb M rr gan Nemain Badb M rr gan Macha
Machas 2 : Badb ( Crow ) black crow of battle eel, wolf, red crow -------------------------------------------- --------------- pregnant hag (cailleach) young bride (be find) with red ale of kingship Machas 2 Bad b Macha Macha Badb Nemain M rr gan Badb M rr gan
Machas 2 : Badb ( Crow ) black crow of battle eel, wolf, red crow -------------------------------------------- --------------- pregnant hag (cailleach) young bride (be find) with red ale of kingship cailleach( Veiled One ) Machas 2 Bad b approaches young king-to-be for sex transforms into be find (beautiful woman) after sex confers kingship (flaith) with gold cup of red ale (laith) Sovereignty Goddess
Machas 3: Mrrgan ( Great Queen, Nightmare Queen ) Nemain ----------- -- magically causes battlefield panic --------------------------------------- - eel, wolf, crow perches above the dead or dying pregnant hag (cailleach) young bride (be find) --------------------------------------- - mates with Dagda at Samhain Washer at Ford (bean nighe ) Machas 3 M rr gan Badb ----------- -- M rr gan
The Washer at the Ford (bean nighe / bean s dh /) spirit of woman who died in childbirth ugly hag washes grave-clothes/armor of those about to die bean s dh ( woman from the s dh ) banshee prophesies upcoming deaths
Sheela-na-gig = old cunt hag ? territorial / war / sovereignty / fertility / sexuality goddess ? positioning over doorways and other entrances
Triangles in tan (NOTE: highlighted details important; others not.) YOUNG LOVER T1 Echu Ollathir (=Dagda) T2 Oengus mac Oc T3 Mider T4 Oengus mac Oc SPOUSE Elcmar YOUNG WOMAN Boand COMMENT 9 months = 1 day 1 day = eternity E. = butterfly E. rescued E. reborn 1012 years later; 1000 years pass E. = swan E. = 2 (and 3) Elcmar Fuamnach Fuamnach Bruig na Boinde ta n ta n T5 Aillil Angubae (=Mider) T6 Mider T7 Echu Airem T8 ??? Echu Airem ta n Echu Airem ta n Mider Etersc lae ta n 1 (mother) ta n 3 Mes (child)
Transformations of tan ta n 1 ta n 2 ( ta n g) ta n 3 ( ta n Mes) wife/mother young pregnant woman child, fosterling
EPISODE 1 Pwyll violates custom (his dogs steal catch of otherworldly dogs) Pwyll encounters otherworldly male (Arawn) at end of summer Arawn seeks Pwyll's aid against rival Hafgan ("Summer White") Pwyll travels to (otherworldly) kingdom of Arawn EPISODE 2 Pwyll encounters otherworldly female (Rhiannon) on Mayday Rhainnon seeks Pwyll's aid against marriage to Gwawl Pwyll travels to (otherworldly) kingdom of Heveyyd ( Summer Old ) on Mayday Pwyll stupidly offers Rhiannon to Gwawl One year later, Pwyll beats Gwawl in a game of "badger in the bag Pwyll marries Rhiannon on Mayday Pwyll returns to Dyfed Pwyll kills Hafgan with a single blow one year later Pwyll returns to Dyfed Pwyll = Arawn
EPISODE 3 Infant Pryderi is mysteriously abducted one day after birth (Mayday) Rhiannon is falsely accused of infanticide Rhiannon is punished by treatment as horse for seven years Teyrnon Twrf Liant's mare foals every Mayday, but the colt disappears Teyrnon attacks clawed creature (=boar?= badger?) as it attempts to steal colt Teyrnon discovers abandoned child Teyrnon and wife raise child as Gwri Golden Hair; child is given colt Pryderi is returned to Pwyll and Rhiannon Rhiannon is acquitted Households of Pwyll and Teyrnon are united Households of Pwyll and Teyrnon are united
Tale of Mabon Mabon, son of Modrun, born Beltaine Mabon disappears 3 days after birth hero seeks Mabon to help capture a boar hero finds aged Mabon in fortress Mabon captures boar on Samhain Mabon gives hero boar s comb hero marries woman on Beltaine infant Pryderi, Teyrnon s colt born Mayday Pryderi and colt disappear 3 days later Teyrnon fights boar (badger?) hero = Mabon?
C Chulainn Pattern (b) Deichtine swallows homunculus (=Lugh?) while drinking water before marrying Sualtam. She crushes fetus. Sualtam impregnates her, and she gives birth to S tanta BIRTH Mixed Status
C Chulainn Pattern appearance defeat of 50 Ulaid boys at hurley onset of riastrad CHILDHOOD Signs of Election defeat of hound of Culann defeat of sons of Nectan Sc ne attack on Emain Macha averted by nudity immersion in three vats of water
C Chulainn Pattern beheading contest with giant bachlach murder of son Connla journey to Otherworld DEPARTURE Exploits single-handedly defends Ulaid against army from Connacht defeat of one-eyed giant Goll mac Carbada defeat of Cailitin and 27 children
gessa C Chulainn stop all trespass refuse no hospitality eat no dog meat Connla yield to no one refuse no combat conceal name
Synopsis of Tin (1) Conchobar mac Nessa becomes king of Ulaid. (2) Crunniuc boasts that even though pregnant, his wife Macha can outrun Conchobor's horses. (3) She wins, but then dies as she delivers twins and the curse of the no nden. (4) C Chulainn born. (5) C Chulainn trained by Sc thach. (6) C Chulainn kills his own son Connla. (7) Queen Medb of Connaught invades Ulaid to steal the finest bull in Ireland. (8) The Ulaid men are stricken with the no nden. (9) C Chulainn single-handedly defends Ulaid against Connaught s best men. (10) C Chulainn fights and kills his foster-brother Ferdiad. (11) C Chulainn successfully beats back army of Connaught.
Death of Ferdiad (1) Ferdiad and C Chulainn evenly matched: Ferdiad covered with impenetrable bone armor/skin; C Chulainn armed with gae Bolga, which pierces everything. (2) Ferdiad shamed into fighting C Chulainn, and vice-versa. (3) Ferdiad and C Chulainn fight chivalrous duels on three days. (4) C Chulainn kills Ferdiad with gae Bolga.
Death of C Chulainn (1) C Chulainn kills Fomoire Cailitin (2) Wife of Cailitin bears 3 daughters and 3 sons. (3) Medb mutilates children and trains them in druidic magic. (4) 3 hags offer C Chulainn meal of dog meat; hand that touches it withers. (5) Lugaid mac con Ro tricks C Chulainn into giving up his weapons. (6) Lugaid mac con Ro beheads C Chulainn to avenge death of C Roi. (7) Conall Cernach beheads Lugaid mac con Ro to avenge death of C Chulainn.
