Classification of Casting Processes and Green Sand Molding Procedure

Lecture 6 Classification of casting Processes Casting processes can be classified into following FOUR categories: 1. Conventional Molding Processes a. Green Sand Molding b. Dry Sand Molding c. Flask less Molding 3. Permanent Mold Processes a. Gravity Die casting b. Low and High Pressure Die Casting. 4. Special Casting Processes a. Lost Wax b. Ceramics Shell Molding c. Evaporative Pattern Casting d. Vacuum Sealed Molding e. Centrifugal Casting 2. Chemical Sand Molding Processes a. Shell Molding b. Sodium Silicate Molding c. No-Bake Molding

1. Conventional Molding Processes 1-a. Green Sand Molding Green sand is the most diversified molding method used in metal casting operations. The process utilizes a mold made of compressed or compacted moist sand. The term "green" denotes the presence of moisture in the molding sand. The mold material consists of silica sand mixed with a suitable bonding agent (usually clay) and moisture.

Advantages 1. Most metals can be cast by this method. 2. Pattern costs and material costs are relatively low. 3. No Limitation with respect to size of casting and type of metal or alloy used Disadvantages Surface Finish of the castings obtained by this process is not good and machining is often required to achieve the finished product.

Sand Mold Making Procedure The procedure for making mold of a cast iron wheel The first step in making mold is to place the pattern on the molding board. The drag is placed on the board Dry facing sand is sprinkled over the board and pattern to provide a non sticky layer. Molding sand is then riddled in to cover the pattern with the fingers; then the drag is completely filled.

The sand is then firmly packed in the drag by means of hand rammers. The ramming must be proper i.e. it must neither be too hard or soft. After the ramming is over, the excess sand is leveled off with a straight bar known as a strike rod. With the help of vent rod, vent holes are made in the drag to the full depth of the flask as well as to the pattern to facilitate the removal of gases during pouring and solidification. The finished drag flask is now rolled over to the bottom board exposing the pattern.

Cope half of the pattern is then placed over the drag pattern with the help of locating pins. The cope flask on the drag is located aligning again with the help of pins The dry parting sand is sprinkled all over the drag and on the pattern. A sprue pin for making the sprue passage is located at a small distance from the pattern. Also, riser pin, if required, is placed at an appropriate place. The operation of filling, ramming and venting of the cope proceed in the same manner as performed in the drag.

The sprue and riser pins are removed first and a pouring basin is scooped out at the top to pour the liquid metal. Then pattern from the cope and drag is removed and facing sand in the form of paste is applied all over the mold cavity and runners which would give the finished casting a good surface finish. The mold is now assembled. The mold now is ready for pouring

1-b. Dry Sand Molding When it is desired that the gas forming materials are lowered in the molds, air-dried molds are sometimes preferred to green sand molds. Two types of drying of molds are often required. 1. Skin drying 2. Complete mold drying. In skin drying a firm mold face is produced. Shakeout of the mold is almost as good as that obtained with green sand molding. The most common method of drying the refractory mold coating uses hot air, gas or oil flame. Skin drying of the mold can be accomplished with the aid of torches, directed at the mold surface.

2. Chemical Sand Molding Processes 2-a. Shell Molding Process Shell molding is a casting process in which the mold is a thin shell (typically 9 mm or 3/8 in) made of sand held together by a thermosetting resin binder. Developed in Germany during the early 1940s, Steps in shell molding (1) a match-plate or cope- and-drag metal pattern is heated and placed over a box containing sand mixed with thermosetting resin;

(2) box is inverted so that sand and resin fall onto the hot pattern, causing a layer of the mixture to partially cure on the surface to form a hard shell; (3) box is repositioned so that loose, uncured particles drop away;

(4) sand shell is heated in oven for several minutes to complete curing; (5) shell mold is stripped from the pattern;

(6) two halves of the shell mold are assembled, supported by sand or metal shot in a box, and pouring is accomplished. (7)-The finished casting with sprue removed is shown in.

Advantages There are many advantages to the shell-molding process. The surface of the shell mold cavity is smoother than a conventional green-sand mold, and this smoothness permits easier flow of molten metal during pouring and better surface finish on the final casting. Finishes of 2.5 m (100 -in) can be obtained. Good dimensional accuracy is also achieved, with tolerances of 0.25 mm ( 0.010 in) possible on small-to- medium-sized parts. The good finish and accuracy often precludes the need for further machining. Collapsibility of the mold is generally sufficient to avoid tearing and cracking of the casting.

Disadvantages Disadvantagesof shell molding include a more expensive metal pattern than the corresponding pattern for green-sand molding. This makes shell molding difficult to justify for small quantities of parts. Shell molding can be mechanized for mass production and is very economical for large quantities. It seems particularly suited to steel castings of less than 20 lb (10kg). Examples of parts made using shell molding include gears, valve bodies, bushings, and camshafts.

2-b. Sodium Silicate Molding Process In this process, the refractory material is coated with a sodium silicate-based binder. For molds, the sand mixture can be compacted manually, jolted or squeezed around the pattern in the flask. After compaction, CO 2 gas is passed through the core or mold. The CO2 chemically reacts with the sodium silicate to cure, or harden the binder. This cured binder then holds the refractory in place around the pattern. After curing, the pattern is withdrawn from the mold.

The sodium silicate process is one of the most environmentally acceptable of the chemical processes available. The major disadvantage of the process is that the binder is very hygroscopic and readily absorbs water, which causes a porosity in the castings.. Also, because the binder creates such a hard, rigid mold wall, shake out and collapsibility characteristics can slow down production. Some of the advantages of the process are: A hard, rigid core and mold are typical of the process, which gives the casting good dimensional tolerances; good casting surface finishes are readily obtainable;

3-Permanent Mold Process In all the above processes, a mold need to be prepared for each of the casting produced. For large-scale production, making a mold, for every casting to be produced, may be difficult and expensive. Therefore, a permanent mold, called the die may be made from which a large number of castings can be produced. , the molds are usually made of cast iron or steel, although graphite, copper and aluminum have been used as mold materials. The process in which we use a die to make the castings is called permanent mold casting or gravity die casting, since the metal enters the mold under gravity. Some time in die-casting we inject the molten metal with a high pressure. When we apply pressure in injecting the metal it is called pressure die casting process.

Steps in permanent-mold casting : (1) mold is preheated and coated;

(2) cores (if used) are inserted, and mold is closed (3) molten metal is poured into the mold

(4) mold is opened (5) Finished part is shown

Low-pressure casting. The diagram shows how air pressure is used to force the molten metal in the ladle up ward in to the mold cavity. Pressure is maintained until the casting has solidified.

Cycle in hot- chamber casting (1) with die closed and plunger withdrawn, molten metal flows into the chamber

(3) plunger is withdrawn, die is opened, and solidified part is ejected. (4) Finished part is shown

Cycle in cold-chamber casting (1) with die closed and ram withdrawn, molten metal is poured into the chamber (2) ram forces metal to flow into die, maintaining pressure during cooling and solidification

(3) ram is withdrawn, die is opened, and part is ejected. system is simplified.) (Gating

Advantages Permanent Molding produces a sound dense casting with superior mechanical properties. The castings produced are quite uniform in shape have a higher degree of dimensional accuracy than castings produced in sand The permanent mold process is also capable of producing a consistent quality of finish on castings

Disadvantages The cost of tooling is usually higher than for sand castings The process is generally limited to the production of small castings of simple exterior design, although complex castings such as aluminum engine blocks and heads are now commonplace