Explore the issue of cyber bullying among students in online and conventional higher education institutions in Pakistan. Learn about the types of cyber bullying, the context of the study, research questions, and previous research findings. Discover how technology has transformed bullying behaviors and its impact on students and stakeholders in educational settings.
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Presentation Transcript
A Comparative Study of Cyber bullying among Students of Online and Conventional Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan Sameen Azmat Instructor education Dr. Munawar S. Mirza Advisor Academics Virtual university of Pakistan
What is Cyber Bullying? Any behavior performed through electronic or digital media by individuals or groups that repeatedly communicates hostile or aggressive messages intended to inflict harm or discomfort on others (Tokunaga (2010) p. 278).
Introduction Technology as mode of interaction has also become a mode of bullying known as Cyber Bullying. In HEIs it is an issue of concern for students, teachers and other stakeholders. Incidents of Cyber Bullying are reported daily in the news. (Elledge, Williford, Boulton, Depaolis, Little, & Salmivalli, 2013).
Types of Cyber Bullying Flaming: Online messages with angry and vulgar language. Harassment and stalking: Repeatedly sending cruel, vicious, and/or threatening messages. Denigration: Sending or posting gossip or rumors about a person to damage his/her reputation or relations. Impersonation: Breaking into someone s e-mail account and using it to send vicious/ embarrassing material to others. Outing and trickery: Engaging someone in instant messaging, tricking him/ her into revealing sensitive information, and forwarding that information to others. Exclusion: Intentionally excluding someone from an online group. (Willard, 2007)
Problem under study Context of the Study: Information and communication technologies (ICT) have become a part of daily activities in HEIs. Bullying is a common phenomenon in our institutions but now it has turned into Cyber bullying, an issue of high concern. Objective of the Study: Explore the extent and nature of cyber bullying among students in online and conventional higher educational institutes of Pakistan.
Research Questions Is on-line learning mode facilitating and promoting cyber bullying more than that the conventional modes of teaching and learning? 1. What is the difference of cyber bullying among male and female students? 2.
Previous Research Hinduja and Patchin (2011) Cyber bullying is a growing problem because increasing numbers of young people use computers, cell phones, and other interactive devices as their main form of social interaction (p. 49). Study by (Myers & Cowie, 2019) reported that - Cyber bullying has emerged as phenomenon at educational institutions. - cyber bullying is an extension of traditional bullying; those who experienced bullying online, many of them are those who experienced it in also real world
Cyber bullying and gender differences Women in Pakistan have been harassed by indirect communication but frequent use of social media added additional pressure in their life. (Magsi, Sahito & Magsi, 2016). Some studies show that male students were more likely to cyber bullied than their female counterparts.( Cunningham, Chen, Vaillancourt, Rimas, Deal, Cunningham, Ratcliffe, 2015)
Methodology Research Approach: Quantitative Instrument: Questionnaire Population of the study : 1809 and 1139 students from conventional and online respectively. Sampling technique: random sampling Sample size: 605 students Response rate: 86%
Pilot testing A pilot study was conducted first to ensure the validity of instrument. The value of Cronbach s alpha was 0.77.
Factor level analysis of cyber bullying among students. Factors N Mean Std. Deviation Nature and extent of Bullying Flaming Harassment and stalking Denigration Impersonation Outing and trickery Exclusion 520 3.36 .700 520 3.16 .880 520 3.06 .908 520 520 2.98 2.99 1.10 1.08 520 2.79 1.02 520 2.89 1.17
Difference of cyber bullying among mode of teaching and learning (online and conventional) Mode of study Online Conve ntional N Std. Deviat ion .365 Std. Error Mean .022 -11.96 Sig. (2- tailed) .000 Mean t 280 2.69 240 3.36 .855 .055 -11.34 .000
Results: Cyber bullying is an issue of concern for students of HEIs- more than 60% students had experienced cyber bullying in different forms. Significant difference in cyber bullying between male and females. Female students experienced more cyber bullying.
Conclusion and discussion Objectives: To know the extent and nature of cyber bullying among students and to make comparison in online and conventional universities. Results Different types of cyber bullying are existed among online students; about more than 50 % students have different forms. But this study revealed that cyber bullying is more common among conventional students, experienced it in References: Myers, C. A., Cowie, H. (2019). Cyber bullying across the Lifespan of Education: Issues and Interventions from School to University. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 16, 12-17.
Objective: To know about the experience of cyber bullying by gender. Result: This study concluded that cyber bullying is more common phenomenon among female students of universities. Previous researches had prevailed that female students have been more victimized by cyber bullying Reference: Magsi, I., Sahito, I.H. & Magsi, H. (2016). Socioeconomic Conditions of Women aSindh with special reference to Kamber-Shahdadkot District. SALU Commerce and Economics Review, 2(2), 17-25.
Recommendations With the passage of time technology will evolve and become more advance from current time, so researchers to address this issue in Pakistan as it is dire need of time. Stakeholders should guide and give training related to cyber bullying that how it can be tackled and how to prevent it to make ease in students life. There are cyber laws in Pakistan that should be part of curriculum to make awareness among students.
Future research The ongoing issue of cyber bullying among students of higher education is critical for the well being of students it has diverse effects on students mental health and their academic life. Stakeholder of education domain should conducted more researches regarding this issue. Internationally relationship of cyber bullying is being researched with different variables like: depression, stress, and suicide rate and etc. Researchers should examine the social and psychological aspects behind cyber bullying and how it is affecting student life and norms of society.
