Cultural Elements in "Pride and Prejudice" Translation
This study explores the translation of cultural elements in "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, as translated by Mr. Rezai based on Ivir's approach. It investigates the successful transfer of cultural specific concepts and categories, categorizing items according to Newmark's classification and analyzing based on Ivir's translation strategies model.
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SALW Commission Meeting Budva Alain E. Lapon
Explosives Directives 2013/39 and 2014/28 Precursors Regulation 98/2013 Contents Implementing directives EU Firearms EU Strategy on SALW MOSAIC
DIRECTIVE 2013/29/EU OF THE DIRECTIVE 2013/29/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 June 2013 on THE COUNCIL of 12 June 2013 on the the harmonisation harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the Member States relating to the making available on the market of making available on the market of pyrotechnic articles (recast) pyrotechnic articles (recast) of the laws of the
What? What? Deals with putting on the market of pyrotechnics Exempted: pyrotechnics for LE and military; Exempted: Aerospace Exempted: Ammunition and percussion caps Exempted: Explosives CUE 93/15/EC . Pyrotechnics
Categories Categories Fireworks Theatrical Other F1 T1 P1 12 F2 F3 T2 P2 14 18 F4 18 Pyrotechnics
What? What? Deals with putting on the market of pyrotechnics Exempted: pyrotechnics for LE and military; Exempted: Aerospace Exempted: Ammunition and percussion caps Exempted: Explosives CUE 93/15/EC Explosives Precursors
Contents Contents Art Description 1 Subject matter 2 Scope 3 Definitions 4 Free movement 5 Making available on the market 6 Categories 7 Age limits and other limitations CHAPTER 2 OBLIGATIONS OF ECONOMIC OPERATORS 8 Obligations of the manufacturers 9 Traceability Pyrotechnics
Contents Contents Art Description 10 Labelling of pyrotechnic articles other than pyrotechnic articles for vehicles 11 Labelling of pyrotechnic articles for vehicles 12 Obligations of importers 13 Obligations of distributors 14 Cases in which obligations of manufacturers apply to importers and distributors 15 Identification of economic operators CHAPTER 3: CONFORMITY OF THE PYROTECHNIC ARTICLE 16 Presumption of conformity of pyrotechnic articles 17 Conformity assessment procedures 18 EU declaration of conformity Pyrotechnics
Contents Contents Art Description 19 General principles of the CE marking 20 Rules and conditions for affixing the CE marking and other markings CHAPTER 4: NOTIFICATION OF CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT BODIES 21 Notification 22 Notifying authorities 23 Requirements relating to notifying authorities 24 Information obligation on notifying authorities 25 Requirements relating to notified bodies 26 Presumption of conformity of notified bodies 27 Subsidiaries of and subcontracting by notified bodies Pyrotechnics
Contents Contents Art Description 28 Application for notification 29 Notification procedure 30 Identification numbers and lists of notified bodies 31 Changes to notifications 32 Challenge of the competence of notified bodies 33 Operational obligations of notified bodies 34 Appeal against decisions of notified bodies 35 Information obligation on notified bodies 36 Exchange of experience 37 Coordination of notified bodies Pyrotechnics
Contents Contents Art Description UNION MARKET SURVEILLANCE, CONTROL OF PYROTECHNIC ARTICLES ENTERING THE UNION MARKET AND UNION SAFEGUARD PROCEDURE 38 Union market surveillance and control of pyrotechnic articles entering the Union market 39 Procedure for dealing with pyrotechnic articles presenting a risk at national level 40 Union safeguard procedure 41 Compliant pyrotechnic articles which present a risk to health or safety 42 Formal non-compliance Pyrotechnics
DIRECTIVE 2014/28/EU OF THE DIRECTIVE 2014/28/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 February 2014 THE COUNCIL of 26 February 2014 on the on the harmonisation harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the the Member States relating to the making available on the market and making available on the market and supervision of explosives for civil supervision of explosives for civil uses (recast) uses (recast) of the laws of
What? What? Deals with putting on the market of explosives for civil uses Exempted: explosives, including ammunition, intended for use, in accordance with national law, by the armed forces or the police; Exempted: pyrotechnic articles falling within the scope of Directive 2013/29/EU; Exempted: ammunition CUE
Contents Contents Art Description 1 Scope 2 Definitions 3 Free movement 4 Making available on the market OBLIGATIONS OF ECONOMIC OPERATORS 5 Obligations of manufacturers 6 Authorised representatives 7 Obligations of importers 8 Obligations of distributors 9 Cases in which obligations of manufacturers apply to importers and distributors CUE
Contents Contents Art Description 10 Identification of economic operators CHAPTER: SECURITY PROVISIONS 11 Transfers of explosives 12 Transfers of ammunition 13 Security derogations 14 Information exchange 15 Identification and traceability of explosives 16 Licence or authorisation 17 Licensing of manufacturing activities 18 Seizures CUE
Contents Contents Art Description CHAPTER 4: CONFORMITY OF THE EXPLOSIVE 19 Presumption of conformity of explosives 20 Conformity assessment procedures 21 EU declaration of conformity 22 General principles of the CE marking 23 Rules and conditions for affixing the CE marking NOTIFICATION OF CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT BODIES 24 Notification 25 Notification bodies 26 Requirements relating to notifying authorities CUE
Contents Contents Art Description 27 Information obligation on notifying authorities 28 Requirements relating to notified bodies 29 Presumption of conformity of conformity assessment bodies 30 Subsidiaries of and subcontracting by notified bodies 31 Application for notification 32 Notification procedure 33 Identification numbers and lists of notified bodies 34 Changes to notifications 35 Challenge of the competence of notified bodies 36 Operational obligations of notified bodies CUE
Contents Contents Art Description 37 Appeal against decisions of notified bodies 38 Information obligation on notified bodies 39 Exchange of experience 40 Coordination of notified bodies CHAPTER 6: UNION MARKET SURVEILLANCE, CONTROL OF EXPLOSIVES ENTERING THE UNION MARKET AND UNION SAFEGUARD PROCEDURE 41 Union market surveillance and control of explosives entering the Union market 42 Procedure for dealing with explosives presenting a risk at national level 43 Union safeguard procedure 44 Compliant explosives which present a risk 45 Formal non-compliance CUE
REGULATION (EU) No 98/2013 OF REGULATION (EU) No 98/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 15 January 2013 OF THE COUNCIL of 15 January 2013 on the marketing and use of on the marketing and use of explosives precursors explosives precursors
What? What? Explosives precursors are chemical substances that can be used for legitimate purposes, but that can also be misused to manufacture homemade explosives. Such explosives have been used in many of the recent terrorist attacks in the EU, including those in Paris in 2015, Brussels in 2016 and Manchester and Parsons Green in 2017. Explosives Precursors
What? What? Explosives Precursors
Timeline Timeline Regulation (EU) No 98/2013 on the marketing and use of explosives precursors 30 November 2016: Delegated regulations 2017/214 , 2017/215 , and 2017/216 , adding substances to Annex II. February 2017: Report on the application of the Regulation [COM(2017) 103 final] 18 October 2017: Recommendation on immediate steps to prevent misuse of explosives precursors 17 April 2018: proposal for Regulation on the marketing and use of explosives precursors, amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 98/2013 on the marketing and use of explosives precursors. Explosives Precursors
98/2013 98/2013 harmonizes rules across Europe: on the making available, introduction, possession and use, of certain substances or mixtures that could be misused for the illicit manufacture of explosives. Explosives Precursors
98/2013 98/2013 The Regulation restricts the access to, and use of, seven chemical substances by members of the general public ('restricted explosives precursors,' listed in Annex I). Member States may decide to grant access by the public to these substances only through a system of licenses and registration. In addition, the Regulation introduces obligations for economic operators who place such substances on the market. Operators must ensure the appropriate labelling of restricted explosives precursors, and must also report any suspicious transactions involving both the restricted substances and other non-restricted substances which are also considered of concern (eight, listed in Annex II). Explosives Precursors
98/2013 98/2013 Annex I substances substances Annex I Restricted chemical Restricted chemical Hydrogen peroxide (CAS RN 7722-84-1) 1 12 % w/w Nitromethane (CAS RN 75-52-5) 2 30 % w/w Nitric acid (CAS RN 7697-37-2) Potassium chlorate (CAS RN 3811-04-9) 3 3 % w/w 4 40 % w/w Potassium perchlorate (CAS RN 7778-74-7) 5 40 % w/w Sodium chlorate (CAS RN 7775-09-9) 6 40 % w/w Sodium perchlorate (CAS RN 7601-89-0) 7 40 % w/w Explosives Precursors
Explained Explained Substance Limit Value Main Commercial Uses Hydrogen Peroxide 12% w/w Bleaching agent ( e.g. paper, textile and cosmetic industries) antiseptic and water disinfectant ( e.g. swimming pool sterilizer) Nitromethane 30 % w/w Fuel for model kits and drag racing, varnish and paint Nitric Acid 3 % w/w Fertilizer and explosives industry, pharmaceutical products, plastics Potassium Chlorate 40 % w/w Safety Matches, pyrotechnics, laboratory Potassium Perchlorate 40 % w/w Bleaching and pyrotechnics Sodium Chlorate 40 % w/w Bleaching, oxygen generators and formerly weed control ( now banned in EU as a herbicide) Sodium Perchlorate 40 % w/w Used to make other perchlorates and rocket fuel Explosives Precursors
98/2013 98/2013 Annex II substances ( part 1) substances ( part 1) Annex II Non Non - - Restricted chemical Restricted chemical Hexamine (CAS RN 100-97-0) 1 Sulphuric acid (CAS RN 7664-93-9) 2 Acetone 3 (CAS RN 67-64-1) Potassium nitrate (CAS RN 7757-79-1) 4 Sodium nitrate (CAS RN 7631-99-4) 5 Calcium nitrate (CAS RN 10124-37-5) 6 Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAS RN 15245-12-2) 7 Explosives Precursors
98/2013 98/2013 Annex II substances ( part 2) substances ( part 2) Annex II Non Non - - Restricted chemical Restricted chemical Ammonium nitrate (CAS RN 6484-52-2) 8 [in concentration of 16 % by weight of nitrogen in relation to ammonium nitrate or higher] Aluminium, powders (CAS RN 7429-90-5) 9 Added by 2017/214 Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (CAS RN 13446-18-9) Magnesium, powders (CAS RN 7439-95-4) 10 Added by 2017/215 11 Added by 2017/216 Explosives Precursors
Explained Explained Substance Main Commercial Uses Hexamine Plastics, camping and hobby fuel tablets, medicine and laboratory Sulphuric Acid Widespread chemical industry use for fertilizers, detergents, petrochemicals, battery acid, drain cleaning products Acetone Solvent, paints, varnish, adhesives, cleaning agent Potassium Nitrate Food preservative, rocket fuel, ceramics, toothpaste Sodium Nitrate Food additive, water treatment, rocket fuel, ceramics Calcium Nitrate Fertilizers, concrete, laboratory Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers Ammonium Nitrate > 16 % Fertilizers Aluminium Powder Paints, chemicals, metallurgic industry Magnesium Nitrate Hexahydrate Fertilizer, chemicals, ceramics Magnesium Powder Petrochemicals, aircraft, engineering. Explosives Precursors
98/2013 98/2013 Under the Regulation, each Member State is expected to designate a competent authority and adopt its own measures to implement the restrictions and, if it opts to have one, a licensing or registration regime. The competent authority in each Member State is also required to set up its own national contact point(s) for the reporting of suspicious transactions. The Commission is tasked with making the list of measures notified by Member States publicly available and with drawing up guidelines to facilitate the implementation of the Regulation. Explosives Precursors
Recommendations 18 October 2017 Recommendations 18 October 2017 - - 1 1 Limiting the availability of explosives precursors to the general public 1. Member States should take all necessary measures under Regulation (EU) No 98/2013 to restrict the availability of explosives precursors to the general public and prevent terrorists from accessing explosives precursors, as well as ensuring the appropriate reporting of suspicious transactions throughout the supply chain. 2. To this end, Member States should carefully assess whether the prohibition, licensing or registration system that they have put in place is effectively meeting these objectives. 3. Member States should inform the Commission of the results of their assessment within four months after the adoption of this Recommendation. This information will contribute to the assessment of possible further measures at EU level. 4. In addition, Member States should urgently take the following actions: (a) promote and, where possible and appropriate, require the use of alternative substances or lower concentrations which can be used for the same legitimate activity with less concern to security; (b) lay down security conditions on the storage of explosives precursors for economic operators, professional users, and members of the general public who are legally in possession of explosives precursors; (c) provide clear guidance to economic operators about how to effectively and efficiently verify whether a person is a member of the general public or not. To that end, Member States could apply a notion of "professional user" which implies that a person has a need for a restricted explosives precursor for purposes connected with trade, business or profession; (d) where a licensing scheme is in place pursuant to Article 4(2) of the Regulation (EU) No 98/2013, carry out checks on the background of the individual applying for a licence, in particular verifying the criminal records of the applicant in all states of residence during the preceding five years; and (e) set up inspection systems to identify non-compliance by economic operators. Explosives Precursors
Recommendations 18 October 2017 Recommendations 18 October 2017 - - 2 2 Strengthening cooperation and engaging with the supply chain In order to strengthen cooperation and engage with the supply chain, Member States should: (a) provide training to ensure that law enforcement, first responders and customs authorities are able to recognise explosives precursor substances and mixtures during the course of their duties and to react in a timely and appropriate manner to suspicious activity; (b) in addition to the existing reporting obligations in Article 9(4) of Regulation (EU) No 98/2013, encourage end-users of explosives precursors to report significant disappearances and thefts; (c) (c) insofar as not already covered by existing obligations in Union legislation, exchange information on suspicious transactions, disappearances, thefts and other suspicious incidents or licence applications, whenever these might have cross-border elements, with other Member States concerned, as soon as possible and in accordance with national law and relevant international legal instruments; and (d) (d) identify all sectors of relevance, including those operating online, target awareness-raising actions to the specificities of each different sector, and maintain a dialogue with the supply chain and with end-users to improve understanding of the legitimate professional and non- professional uses of explosives precursors. Explosives Precursors
Recommendations 18 October 2017 Recommendations 18 October 2017 - - 2 2 Strengthening cooperation and engaging with the supply chain In order to strengthen cooperation and engage with the supply chain, Member States should: (a) provide training to ensure that law enforcement, first responders and customs authorities are able to recognize explosives precursor substances and mixtures during the course of their duties and to react in a timely and appropriate manner to suspicious activity; (b) in addition to the existing reporting obligations in Article 9(4) of Regulation (EU) No 98/2013, encourage end-users of explosives precursors to report significant disappearances and thefts; (c) (c) insofar as not already covered by existing obligations in Union legislation, exchange information on suspicious transactions, disappearances, thefts and other suspicious incidents or license applications, whenever these might have cross-border elements, with other Member States concerned, as soon as possible and in accordance with national law and relevant international legal instruments; and (d) (d) identify all sectors of relevance, including those operating online, target awareness-raising actions to the specificities of each different sector, and maintain a dialogue with the supply chain and with end-users to improve understanding of the legitimate professional and non- professional uses of explosives precursors. Explosives Precursors
IMPLEMENTING DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENTING DIRECTIVE Technical specifications for the Technical specifications for the marking of firearms and their marking of firearms and their essential components essential components
Contains Implementing directive Annex Marking
Implementing Directive Article 4(1) of Directive 91/477/EEC obliges Member States to ensure that firearms and their essential components, whether part of a firearm or placed separately on the market, have a clear, permanent and unique marking applied to them. Article 4(2) of that Directive defines the information to be included in the marking in order to increase the traceability of firearms and their essential components and to facilitate their free movement. For very small essential components, the information that has to be included in the marking is confined to a serial number or alphanumeric or digital code. Article 4(4) of that Directive requires Member States to maintain a data-filing system and to record in it all information needed in order to trace and identify firearms, including information about the marking applied to a firearm and its essential components and information about any conversions or modifications to a firearm leading to a change in its category or sub-category, such as information about the entity that replaced or modified an essential component. (2) In the case of a transfer from government stocks to permanent civilian use, the identity of the transferring entity must also be included in the marking. Unless the identity is already present as part of an existing marking, it must be included when the transfer to civilian use occurs. (3) Directive 91/477/EEC further obliges Member States to ensure that each elementary package of complete ammunition is marked in such a way as to indicate the name of the manufacturer, the identification batch (lot) number, the calibre and the type of ammunition. Given current market practice for packaging ammunition and the current state of technology, it is not necessary at this stage to establish technical specifications for that marking. This Directive should therefore apply to the marking of firearms and their essential components only (including very small essential components Marking
Implementing Directive (4) Adequate depth and font size of markings is critical to prevent markings from being easily erased and thereby failing to achieve the objective of increasing traceability of firearms and their essential components. The technical specifications should therefore lay down a minimum depth and font size that Member States should be required to follow when setting the depth and font size for those markings in their national law. (5) Having regard to the United Nations International Small Arms Control Standard (ISACS) on marking and recordkeeping, frames and receivers made from non-metallic materials of a kind that risks compromising the clarity and permanence of the marking (for example, frames or receivers made from certain categories of polymer) should be required to have their marking applied to a metal plate that is permanently embedded in the material of the frame or receiver. Member States should be free to allow the use of some other technique, such as deep cut laser engraving, that ensures an equivalent level of clarity and permanence for the marking of frames and receivers made of nonmetallic materials. 6) To facilitate the traceability of firearms and their essential components in Member States' data-filing systems, Member States should be required to choose from amongst only Latin, Cyrillic or Greek when determining which alphabet or alphabets may be used to mark firearms and their essential components. Similarly, the numeral systems that may be used for the marking of firearms and their essential components should be restricted to Arabic or Roman, as determined by each Member State. Marking
Annex Minimum size shall be at least 1.6 mm. Depth shall be at least 0.02 mm. For frames or receivers made from a non-metallic material of a kind specified by the Member State, the marking is applied to a metal plate that is permanently embedded in the material of the frame or receiver in such a way that: (a) the plate cannot be easily or readily removed, and (b) removing the plate would destroy a portion of the frame or receiver. Member States may also permit the use of other techniques for marking such frames or receivers, provided that those techniques ensure an equivalent level of clarity and permanence for the marking. In determining which non-metallic materials to specify for the purposes of this specification, Member States shall have regard to the extent to which the material may compromise the clarity and permanence of the marking. The alphabet or alphabets laid down by each Member State shall be Latin, Cyrillic or Greek. The numeral system or systems laid down by each Member State shall be Arabic or Roman. Marking
IMPLEMENTING DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENTING DIRECTIVE Technical specifications for Technical specifications for alarm and signal weapons alarm and signal weapons
Implementing Directive Article 1 Technical specifications Member States shall ensure that, in order not to be considered a firearm under Directive 91/477/EEC, devices with a cartridge holder which are designed to fire only blanks, irritants, other active substances or pyrotechnic signalling rounds are required to comply at all times with the technical specifications set out in the Annex to this Directive. Article 2 Checking compliance with the technical specifications 1. Member States shall ensure that devices of a kind referred to in Article 1 are subject to checks in order to determine their compliance with the technical specifications set out in the Annex. 2. Member States shall cooperate with each other in carrying out the checks referred to in paragraph 1. Alarm and Signal
Implementing Directive Article 3:Exchange of information Upon request, a Member State shall provide another Member State with the results of the checks carried out by it in accordance with Article 2. For these purposes, each Member State shall designate at least one national focal point to provide such results, and shall communicate the contact details of the national focal point to the Commission. Alarm and Signal
Annex Technical specifications for devices referred to in Article 1 1. The devices are such that they meet the following requirements: (a) they are capable of shooting pyrotechnic signalling rounds only if an adaptor at the muzzle is attached; (b) (b) they have a durable device within the device that prevents the firing of cartridges loaded with single or multiple solid shots, solid bullets or solid projectiles; (c) they have a cartridge listed in, and complying with the dimensions and other standards referred to in, Table VIII of the Tables of Dimensions of Cartridges and Chambers (TDCC) established by the Permanent International Commission for the Proof of Small Arms (C.I.P.), as that Table applies in the version in effect at the time of adoption of this Directive. Alarm and Signal
Annex 2. The devices are not capable of being modified through the use of ordinary tools to expel, or to become capable of being converted to expel, a shot, bullet or projectile by the action of a combustible propellant. 3. All essential components of the devices are such that they cannot be fitted or used as essential components of firearms. 4. Barrels of the devices are not capable of being removed or modified without significantly damaging or destroying the device. 5. In the case of devices with a barrel not exceeding 30 centimetres or whose overall length does not exceed 60 centimetres, the device incorporates irremovable barriers along the full length of the barrel such that a shot, bullet or projectile is not able to pass through the barrel by the action of a combustible propellant, and such that any free space left at the muzzle is no more than 1 cm in length. Alarm and Signal
Annex 6. In the case of devices not falling within point 5, the device incorporates irremovable barriers on at least one third of the barrel length such that a shot, bullet or projectile is not able to pass through the barrel by the action of a combustible propellant, and such that any free space left at the muzzle is no more than 1 cm in length. 7. In all cases, whether the device falls within point 5 or point 6, the first barrier in the barrel is placed immediately after the chamber of the device. Alarm and Signal
Annex 8. For devices designed to fire only blanks, the barriers referred to in point 5 or point 6 wholly block the barrel apart from one or more exit holes for gas pressure. In addition, the barriers wholly block the barrel in such a way that no gas can be fired from the front of the device. 9. All barriers are permanent and incapable of being knocked out without destroying the chamber or barrel of the device. For devices designed to fire only blanks, the barriers are wholly made of a material which is resistant to being cut, drilled, bored or ground (or any similar process) and which has a minimum hardness of 700 HV 30 (according to the Vickers hardness test). For devices not covered by the second subparagraph of this point, the barriers are made of a material which is resistant to being cut, drilled, bored or ground (or any similar process) and which has a minimum hardness of 610 HV 30. The barrel may have a channel along its axis to enable the irritants or other active substances to be expelled from the device. In either case, the barriers are such that they prevent occurrence of the following: (a) creation or enlargement of a hole in the barrel along its axis; (b) removal of the barrel, except where the frame and chamber area of the device is rendered useless as a result of the removal, or where the integrity of the device is so compromised that it cannot be used to form the basis of a firearm without significant repair or addition. 10. The cartridge chamber and barrel are both offset or tilted or staggered in such a way as to prevent ammunition from being loaded in and fired from the device. In addition, in the case of revolver-type devices: (a) the cylinder chamber opening is narrowed to ensure that bullets are blocked in the chamber; (b) that opening is offset to the chamber. Alarm and Signal
Securing Arms, Protecting Citizens EU SALW STRATEGY
EU SALW Strategy 2005 Third Conference to review the progress of the implementation of the UN Programme of Action that took place in June 2018 as it reflects many of the objectives of the EU position adopted by the Council on 28 May 2018 History and links Joint Communication on elements for an EU Strategy against illicit firearms, small arms & light weapons and their ammunition3 issued by the European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy on 13 June 2018 New EU SALW strategy
SALW = Military grade weapons SALW vs FIREARMS FIREARMS = civilian firearms
STRENGTHENING THE NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK COUNTERING ILLICIT FIREARMS AND SALW: OBJECTIVES AND ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION OF NORMS IN THE DIFFERENT LIFE CYCLE PHASES OF FIREARMS/SALW COMPLIANCE THROUGH MONITORING AND ENFORCEMENT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND ASSISTANCE
UNPOA International Tracing Instrument ATT UN Firearms Protocol STRENGTHENING THE NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK Recommendation of 17 April 2018 Security measures export SDG 16.4 Regional and national indicators Stronger EU Norms Standard SALW control clause Decision on Marking Delegated Act Information exchange transfer civilian firearms
