Decentralization of Urban Workplaces for Improved Mobility

STREETS FOR 2030 PROPOSING STREETS FOR INTEGRATED AND UNIVERSAL MOBILITY LJUBLJANA 23.&24.9.2020

GREGOR OK SAMO DROBNE GA PER MRAK MOJCA FO KI ALMA ZAVODNIK LAMOV EK FACULTY OF CIVIL AND GEODETIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL AND GEODETIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL AND GEODETIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL AND GEODETIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL AND GEODETIC ENGINEERING DECENTRALIZATION OF WORKPLACES AS A FACTOR OF THE REDUCING URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM

DECENTRALIZATION OF WORKPLACES AS A FACTOR OF THE REDUCING URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM The article presents the analysis of the current situation in the field of spatial distribution of workplaces and business entities in Slovenia, with a focus on the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region. Foto: Maja Marko, https://www.dnevnik.si/1042750101/lokalno/ljubljana/niz-tezav-povzrocil-kaos-na-dunajski-cesti Key words: urban transportation system, jobs, commuting, business entities, decentralization

TRANSPORT SYSTEM - URBAN ENVIRONMENT - STREET SPACE Clues: - In recent decades, Slovenia has experienced an intensive centralisation of workplaces, especially in large urban centers - This results in daily commuting on a large scale and consequently burdens both the wider transport network and the urban street network - Approx. 80,600 employees come to the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region every day and approx. 19,700 are leaving it (Regions in Figures, 2018). So we are talking about approx. 100,000 commuters in a day (in approx. 70% they use a car) - From the point of view of spatial planning, the following question is crucial: How to effectively implement traffic regulation? a) by a partial measures (modification of streets, reduction of traffic, parallel use.. (local level) b) by a global measures (by rational scheduling of activities in space (strategic level)

RESEARCH - METHODS AND DATA In this article we would like to point out that the workplaces concentration is a major cause of labor migration and the resulting negative effects on health and the environment. In the first step we made: - the analysis of numerous workplaces in Slovenian municipalities in the period 2005-2018 (SORS, 2019) In the second step we made: - the analysis of the size and spatial distribution of business entities, using a database of all registered business entities in Slovenia (AJPES, 2019) In the third step we made: - the analysis of business entities according to the sector of activity and according to the distribution in the Ljubljana Urban Municipality (hereinafter referred to as MOL), suburban municipalities (all municipalities directly bordering the city of Ljubljana) and in the other municipalities in the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region - the scope and distribution of business entities with regard to the detailed land use in MOL (OPN MOL ID, 2010) was also reviewed

RESULTS CHANGING THE NUMBER OF WORKPLACES IN SLOVENIA BETWEEN 2005 - 2018 The data on the change in the number of workplaces between 2005 and 2018 show that the situation has changed significantly over this period. There is no doubt that there is a strong trend of growth of workplaces in some large urban centres along the motorway junction and especially in MOL, which shows strong increase (up to 26 % of all workplaces in the country) in most municipalities of the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region. (on the other hand, their decrease can be seen in the eastern part of the RS). As a result, daily commuting in the direction of Ljubljana is increasing. Figure 1: Number of workplaces by municipality in 2018 and the trend of change in the number of workplaces in the period 2005-2018 by municipality in Slovenia

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BUSINESS ENTITIES IN SLOVENIA (2019) Regardless of the increasing or decreasing trend of workplaces, in 2019 the highest concentration of business entities (Figure 2) was noted in the urban municipalities of Ljubljana and Maribor, followed by the municipalities of Koper, Kranj and Celje. The Osrednjeslovenska statistical region stands out most among the statistical regions. It is home to 85,359 or 33.2 % of all business entities in the country, which together provide 293,647 workplaces and employ 53.5 % of the working population (SORS, 2019). Figure 2: Spatial distributionof business entities in Slovenia, situation in 2019 according to their number in the municipality (the number of municipalities in each class is given in brackets)

STRUCTURE OF BUSINESS ENTITIES IN THE REGION: NUMBER AND SHARE BY SECTOR (2019) Table 1: Number and shareof business entities by sectorsof activity in the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region. - In terms of activities, the tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate in this region, accounting for up to 91.8 % of all business entities (Table 1). - Compared with the data for the whole area of Slovenia, in the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region 25 % of all business entities are located in the secondary sector, 35 % in the tertiary sector and 31 % in the quaternary sector.

DISTRIBUTION OF ENTITIES BY MUNICIPALITIES IN THE OSREDNJESLOVENSKA STATISTICAL REGION (2019) Table 2: Distribution of business entities by municipalities in the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region - We were therefore interested in a more detailed distribution of business entities within the region, which shows a significant concentration within the MOL (Table 2), where 65.8 % of all business entities in the region are present. - In the suburban municipalities (municipalities directly bordering the MOL) this share is much lower (21 %), and in all other municipalities in the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region there are only 12.9 % of business entities.

DISTRIBUTION OF ENTETIES IN SPACE - MICROLOCATION (2019) Surprisingly, the majority of business entities are located in the residential areas (55.3 % in the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region and 31.6 % in the MOL). This is followed by the areas of central activities (community, commerce and business services) and the areas of industrial activities. The tertiary sector is strongly dominant (at the level of the whole of Slovenia there are up to 70.2 % of tertiary activities in residential areas; ok et al., 2020). As it can be assumed that a large part of these activities is carried out in the form of work at home, their influence on traffic is reflected in the overall urban transport system (Figure 4). The consequences are reflected in the general congestion of the main access roads (e.g. Celov ka Street and Tr a ka Street) as well as in the network of junctions and other city streets (access customers, supply of raw materials, waste disposal, etc.). for business Figure 4: Example of the location of business entities in the residential areas and in the areas of central activities (commnity, commerce and business serviuces) in the cases of Tr a ka Street (left figure) and Celov ka Street (right figure) in the city of Ljubljana (see next page)

CONCLUSIONS Everything shown points to the large volume of daily migrations. The consequences of this are reflected in the congestion of the transport system and also the street space. The centralization of business entities and workplaces itself creates the original problems of the urban area, which then have to be solved by various (usually expensive) measures and projects. This situation reflects an apparent centralization which is not in line with the principles of sustainable planning, as it creates fundamental problems of the urban environment. In this sense, we draw attention to the need for more strategic planning of space activities, in particular the distribution of workplaces (public administration or services of general interest). Avtocestni odsek Koseze Kozarje bi radi raz irili v estpasovnico. (Foto: Bojan Velikonja) https://www.dnevnik.si/1042897280/lokalno/ljubljana/siritev- obvoznice-bodo-zavrle-se-pripombe-sosedov

Thank Thank you you for for your your attention attention! ! Gregor ok Gregor ok , , gregor.cok@fgg.uni-lj.si Samo Drobne Samo Drobne, , samo.drobne@fgg.uni-lj.si Ga per Mrak Ga per Mrak, , gasper.mrak@fgg.uni-lj.si Mojca Fo ki Mojca Fo ki, , mojca.foski@fgg.uni-lj.si Alma Zavodnik Lamov ek Alma Zavodnik Lamov ek, , alma.zavodnik@fgg.uni-lj.si https://www.en.fgg.uni-lj.si/