Decision Making, Problem Solving, and Cognitive Biases
Explore the influences on decision making such as loss aversion and the framing effect, along with the challenges of problem-solving like ill-defined and well-defined problems. Uncover cognitive biases like functional fixedness and mental set that impact problem-solving processes.
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Presentation Transcript
Cognition: Decision Making & Problem Solving
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology) Influences on Decision Making Framing a cognitive bias, in which people react differently to a particular choice depending on whether it is presented as a loss or as a gain. Framing Outcome Option A: Positive "Saves 200 lives" Option B: Negative "400 people will die" Tversky & Kahneman, 1981
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_aversion Influences on Decision Making Loss Aversion - The tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. Decision makers often weigh losses more heavily than gains. Informally the loss of $500 generates a bigger change in subjective well-being than does a $500 gain. Discussion Question How might loss aversion have arisen in a universe characterized by the law of entropy (i.e., the 2nd law of thermodynamics)? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Problem Solving Ill-Defined Problems a challenge in which the goal and/or intermediate steps are poorly specified. Examples: Publishing a research article in a prestigious journal. Creating a computerized device. Achieving peace in a conflict-ridden region. Responding effectively to natural disasters.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9dots.svg Problem Solving Well Defined Problem a challenge in which the goal and intermediate steps are clearly specified. Link all 9 dots using four straight lines or fewer, without lifting the pen and without tracing the same line more than once.
Obstacles to Problem Solving Mental Set the tendency to approach a problem in a particular way . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(psychology) Functional Fixedness a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_fixedness
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genimage.jpg Functional Fixedness
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stomach_cancer#/media/File:Skrand%C5%BEio_v%C4%97%C5%BEys.gifhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stomach_cancer#/media/File:Skrand%C5%BEio_v%C4%97%C5%BEys.gif Strategies to Improve Problem Solving Example Problem How to use radiation to eliminate a tumor w/o harming surrounding tissue? Gick & Holyoak (1980) Cognitive Psychology, 12, 306-355. Gick & Holyoak (1983) Cognitive Psychology, 15, 1-38.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg Strategies to Improve Problem Solving One problem-solving strategy entails finding a relevant analogy, and applying it to the current problem. Gick & Holyoak (1980) Cognitive Psychology, 12, 306-355. Gick & Holyoak (1983) Cognitive Psychology, 15, 1-38.
