Designer Drugs: Enhancing Officer Safety and DUI Enforcement

Designer Drugs Designer Drugs Bath Salts? Plant Food? Bath Salts? Plant Food? Jennifer Messick Traffic Safety Resource Prosecutor Amy Miles Advanced Chemist WI State Lab of Hygiene (907) 343 6434 messickj@muni.org Phone: 608-224-6244 amy.miles@slh.wisc.edu Thank you: Anchorage Police Department Alaska Highway Safety Office

Objective Increase Officer Safety Increase DUI detection and prosecution by providing comprehensive information about some of the most common Designer Drugs and how they differ from traditional drugs

What are Designer Drugs? a drug produced by a minor modification in the chemical structure of an existing drug, resulting in a new substance with similar pharmacologic effects, especially one created to achieve the same effect as a controlled or illegal drug - (dictionary.com)

Designer Drugs - Interpretation Designer vs. Rx DRE Information Limited scientific references Police reports DRE observations Tox report may not = impairment Tox report may not = presence

Designer Drugs Designer Drugs covered in this presentation: covered in this presentation: 1.Synthetic Cannabinoids Spice/K2 (Marijuana) 2. Cathinone Derivatives Bath Salts / Plant Food(cocaine, ecstacy, meth) 3. 2C- family (Hallucinogen) 4. Krokodil

Road Map For Each Drug: General Identification Marketing, packaging, history Methods of ingestion Common signs/symptoms, case example Detection: NIC, blood, urine Legal Status Officer Safety

What is SPICE / K2? Dangerous, synthetic research chemicals that have been dissolved in acetone and sprayed onto dried plant material

SPICE / K2 Marketed as incense Smells nasty (watermelon, vanilla, rootbeer, tropical, etc) Smoked, mixed in drink, injected

SPICE / K2 Marketed as incense Smells nasty (watermelon, vanilla, rootbeer, tropical, etc) Smoked, mixed in drink, injected Sold LEGALLY and LOCALLY (well, kind of) 1g -3g packages $25 - $40 / g (about 2x price of pot) 1 pkg = 3-5 doses Used since about 2007

SPICE / K2 product box product box Ingredients: Baybean, Blue Lotus, Lion's Tail, Lousewort, Indian Warrior, Dwarf Scullcap, Maconha Brava, Pink Lotus, Marshmallow, Red Clover, Rose, Siberian Motherwort, Canavalia Maritime, Leonotis Leonurus, Leonurus Sibiricus, Pedicularis Densiflora, Scuttellaria Nana, Vanilla Planifolia, Zorinia Latifolia, Magnolia Officinalis, Rosa Gallica, Trifolium

Brands/Flavors

John W. Huffman - Clemson University First to synthesize delta-9 analogues in 1984 450+ different types Sold in Germany around 2007 "I figured once it got started in Germany it was going to spread. I'm concerned that it could hurt people," Huffman said. "I think this was something that was more or less inevitable. It bothers me that people are so stupid as to use this stuff".

Cerebral Cortex Higher cognitive function Appetite Hypothalamus Motor control Motor control, learning, action selection Nausea, vomiting Medulla Cognition, memory, perception, learning endocrine function, food intake, body temp regulation

Synthetic Marijuana CB1 receptors Expressed mainly in the brain, CNS, muscle, liver, lungs, kidney CB2 receptors Expressed in the immune system, evidence of location in the brain CB receptors are activated by three main groups Endocannabinoids Plant cannabinoids Synthetic cannabinoids

Missouri Human Dosing Study 6 subjects (one dose 2x) over two days 2 female, 4 male Allowed maximum of 2 hits Blood, urine and oral fluid samples Each subject (but one) commented they would hit again Five of the six subjects reported previous experience with synthetic cannabinoids

Missouri Human Dosing Study Male, 39 yo, 5 10 , 190# No drug history First time user Parameter Pre-dose Post-dose Blood Pressure 124/80 140/88 Highest Pulse 72 116 Body Temp 97.8 98 Draeger 5000 Neg Neg Urine Dip Test Neg NA

Missouri Human Dosing Study Pre-dose cooperative normal normal normal flushed normal equal Yes normal equal Post-dose cooperative jittery normal normal red bloodshot equal Yes normal equal Attitude Coordination Speech Breath Face Eyes Pupils Follow stimulus Eyelids Tracking

Missouri Human Dosing Study DRE Observation Pre-dose Post-dose HGN None None VGN None None LOC None Present Body Tremors None Present Pupil Size 5.0/7.5/5.5-6.5 5.0/8.0/4.5-5.0 Rebound dilation None Present*

Missouri Human Dosing Study WAT Lack of coordination, balance Raised arms Stepped off the line OLS Sway, used arms, put foot down, leg and body tremors Romberg Sway 2inch front to back, 1inch side Estimated 30 seconds in 37 FTN Quick and lethargic movements, 6 errors

Missouri Dosing Study University of Central Missouri Bob Welsh Tracey Durbin NMS Labs Dr. Barry Logan

Symptoms Symptoms Not always a bad trip, but if you re involved it probably is Elevated BP (140-210 / 100-110) Tremors / Seizures Unconsciousness Hallucinations / Delusions / Paranoia / Anxiety Numbness / Tingling

Symptoms Symptoms Not always a bad trip, but if you re involved it probably is Vomiting Memory Loss Incoherent/slurred speech User may feel cold 6-8hr high (some effects up to 30hrs) Death?? APD#10-14949 3 raised medians, 2 concrete retaining walls, broken axle, flat tire, driving sidewalk 6HGN + VGN .000 BrAC Slurred/incoherent Death all around Going to kill officer

DETECTION OF SPICE/K2 (NIC negative for pot) Blood (NMS) $195 Within 6-8 hours; can detect some JWH compounds Can t detect all compounds Screen + confirmation / quantitation Impairment vs particular level of drug Urine $35 - 50 Within 3 days; can detect some JWH compounds Cannot detect all compounds (LC / Tandem MS normally used)

Spice Spicev. POT? Blood shot / red eyes No HGN / VGN Lack of Convergence Dilated Pupils Normal light reaction Temperature normal Blood Pressure Normal muscle tone Blood shot / Red eyes Maybe HGN / VGN Lack of Convergence +- Normal Pupil size Normal light reaction Temperature or normal Blood pressure or +- Rigid muscle tone

Million Dollar Question: Which category??

DRE MATRIX

What is Everyone Else Doing About It? ILLEGAL In most European and Scandinavian countries Still Legal in Canada 25 States in US + Military Problems with legislation and analog compounds ready to go

What is the U.S. doing about it? DEA Emergency Ban - Sch I (JWH-018,JWH-073, JWH-200 and CP47-497) - Sell or possess - Became effective when published in CFR (3/1/11) - Remains in effect for 12 months - Can be extended 6 months

11078 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 40 / Tuesday, March 1, 2011 / Rules and Regulations PART 1308 - SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES (3) 1-Butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers 7173 (Other names: JWH 073) (4) 1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1- naphthoyl)indole, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers 7200 (Other names: JWH 200) (5) 1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers 7118 (Other names: JWH 018 and AM678) 1308.11 Schedule I. * * * * *(g) * * * (1) 5-(1,1-Dimethylheptyl)-2-[(1R,3S)- 3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers 7297 (Other names: CP 47,497) (2) 5-(1,1-Dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3- hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol, its optical positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers 7298 (Other names: cannabicyclohexanol and CP- 47,497 C8 homologue)

What is the law in my State? What is the law in my State? Traffic Safety Resource Prosecutors Contact Jenn to find out who your TSRP is messickj@muni.org (907) 343 6434 National Traffic Law Center (NTLC) http://www.ndaa.org/apri/programs/traffic/ntl c_home.html#crash

Solid DUI Cases Solid DUI Cases ( (The Defendant Can I arrest for DUI? Impairment vs Controlled Substance Even if legal, may still be DUI Detail / describe observations Smell (or lack of) Hear speech, statements, admissions Turn on Recorder (if permitted) Get Blood Can I prove the charge without blood? If it comes back nothing detected is my case sunk? your Crime Scene) The Defendant is is your Crime Scene)

Officer Safety Unregulated mixture of you name it (higher potential for overdose) Mixed / Unpredictable symptoms You are the frontline Be Careful! Acetone is flammable!

Officer Safety Be Aware Wear Gloves If incense burning in home, re-evaluate Call / wait for back-up Exposure Report? Call medics / poison control Poison Control 1-800-222-1222

Cathinone Derivatives What are Bath Salts? What are Bath Salts?

Its all about the bath right?

This is what we mean. . .

What are Bath Salts? Cathinone Derivatives Synthetic drugs stimulant, similar to ecstasy, cocaine and/or meth Not for human consumption White, odorless, pills , fine-grained powder or crystals (oxidizes to yellow or tan)

Cathinone Derivatives Khat

Cathinone Derivatives Mechanism of Action Cathinone Induces release of dopamine Similar to amphetamines Similar in structure to bupropion, methcathinone, diethylpropion Catecholamine release Fight or flight hormones

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Name Mephedrone Methyl H 4-Methyl H H Methylone ( k- MDMA) Methyl H 3,4-Methylenedioxy H H Butylone ( k-MBDB) Methyl H 4-Methyl Methyl H Pyrovalerone {pyrrolidino} 4-Methyl Ethyl H MDPV {pyrrolidino} 3,4-Methylenedioxy Ethyl H

Cathinone Derivatives Homologues Analogues VS.

MDPV Marketed as Bath Salts and plant food CNS stimulant (3-4 hrs) Chemical analog of Cathinone (Sch 1 C.S.) NOT Controlled Substance Detectable in blood and Urine (special test) Not to be confused with MDMA ecstasy

Common Packaging Plastic jars or foil packets

Case Examples APD#11-1234 - Wrong way / one way, curb, sidewalk, yards, pedestrian, eluding, multiple LSA - Delusion Marshalls after him (tow truck driver) - Small jar white powder, NIC positive cocaine - Syringe, pipe - Normal pupils, no HGN APD#11-1234 - Stopped at green light - Clumsy, poor dexterity - Sluggish speech, no odor alcohol - 2 HGN, 4 WAT, 4 OLS - Eyes non-reactive to light * Blood positive MDPV *Blood positive MDPV