Disease Development and Prevention Overview
Explore the development of diseases, theories behind disease causation, preventive measures, and the iceberg phenomenon. Learn about primitive and modern views, the germ theory, epidemiologic factors, and more through informative images.
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Presentation Transcript
CONCEPT OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe four theories postulated for the development of diseases Explain the concept of iceberg phenomenon of diseases Define the term prevention Identify the level of prevention in relation to stage of disease development Identify the measures applied at each level of prevention
DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES ? DISEASE
PRIMITIVE AND MIDDLE AGE THEORIES Supernatural cause Evil spirits Punishment Gods Contagion theory Contact with the sick Miasma Bad air/poisonous
GERM THEORY + = DISEASE
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD Micro-organisms, chemicals and physical factors
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD Urbanization Climate/rainfall Altitude Overcrowding Bad ventilation Indoor air pollution Health services Age Sex Ethnicity SES Life style Malnutrition Hygiene Number Virulence Resistance
EPIDEMIOLOGIC WHEEL Life style & living conditions Organisms & disease vector Climate, seasonality & climate
EPIDEMIOLOGIC WHEEL POSTULATED MODEL DIABETES MELLITUS
EPIDEMIOLOGIC WHEEL PHENYLKETONURIA MALARIA
ICEBERG PHENOMENON Severity Reported cases Only severe incidents are identified Incidence Un-reported incidents Prevalence pool
PREVENTION Averting a disease or ill-health before its occurrence Control of Communicable Diseases in Men, 2013
PREVENTION Actions aiming at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability, or if none of these is feasible, retarding the progress of disease and disability. The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels of prevention; primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Oxford Dictionary, 2008
LEVELS OF PREVENTION Primordial Prevention Primary Prevention Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention
LEVELS OF PREVENTION Policies & legislations to address behavior of the population and environment Primordial Prevention Primary Prevention Health promotion & specific protection Secondary Prevention Screening & mass treatment Tertiary Prevention Disability limitation & rehabilitation
PRIMARY PREVENTION SPECIFIC PROMOTION HEALTH PROMOTION Immunization Health education Chemoprophylaxis Nutrition intervention Specific micronutrient Sanitation of the environment Protection from unintentional injuries Life style modification Protection from environmental hazards
DISABILITY LIMITATION & REHABILITATION Disability limitation ======= Prevent progress Rehabilitation ======= Attain highest level of functional abilities Medical rehabilitation Vocational rehabilitation Social rehabilitation Psychological rehabilitation
