Disease Development, Prevention, and Health Theories
Explore the concepts of disease development, prevention, and various health theories. Learn about the epidemiologic triad, different levels of prevention, and the iceberg phenomenon. Discover historic ideas on disease causation and modern views on disease prevention strategies.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
You are allowed to download the files provided on this website for personal or commercial use, subject to the condition that they are used lawfully. All files are the property of their respective owners.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
CONCEPT OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe four theories postulated for the development of diseases Explain the concept of iceberg phenomenon of diseases Define the term prevention Identify the level of prevention in relation to stage of disease development Identify the measures applied at each level of prevention
DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES ? DISEASE
PRIMITIVE AND MIDDLE AGE THEORIES Supernatural cause Evil spirits Punishment Gods Contagion theory Contact with the sick Miasma Bad air/poisonous
GERM THEORY + = DISEASE
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD Micro-organisms, chemicals and physical factors
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD Urbanization Climate/rainfall Altitude Overcrowding Bad ventilation Indoor air pollution Health services Age Sex Ethnicity SES Life style Malnutrition Hygiene Number Virulence Resistance
EPIDEMIOLOGIC WHEEL Life style & living conditions Organisms & disease vector Climate, seasonality & climate
EPIDEMIOLOGIC WHEEL POSTULATED MODEL DIABETES MELLITUS
EPIDEMIOLOGIC WHEEL PHENYLKETONURIA MALARIA
ICEBERG PHENOMENON Severity Reported cases Only severe incidents are identified Incidence Un-reported incidents Prevalence pool
PREVENTION Averting a disease or ill-health before its occurrence Control of Communicable Diseases in Men, 2013
PREVENTION Actions aiming at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability, or if none of these is feasible, retarding the progress of disease and disability. The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels of prevention; primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Oxford Dictionary, 2008
LEVELS OF PREVENTION Primordial Prevention Primary Prevention Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention
LEVELS OF PREVENTION Policies & legislations to address behavior of the population and environment Primordial Prevention Primary Prevention Health promotion & specific protection Secondary Prevention Screening & mass treatment Tertiary Prevention Disability limitation & rehabilitation
SECONDARY PREVENTION Screening is the search for unrecognized disease or defect among apparently heathy individuals not seeking medical care using simple tools Mass treatment is the treatment of all population irrespective of their status (whether or not they are infected) It is applied when the disease is prevalent or endemic among the population It is applied when the cost of treatment is lower than the cost of screening It has the advantage of saving the cost of screening E.g. is periodic deworming of school children
PRIMARY PREVENTION SPECIFIC PROMOTION HEALTH PROMOTION Immunization Health education Chemoprophylaxis Nutrition intervention Specific micronutrient Sanitation of the environment Protection from unintentional injuries Life style modification Protection from environmental hazards
DISABILITY LIMITATION & REHABILITATION Disability limitation ======= Prevent progress Rehabilitation ======= Attain highest level of functional abilities Medical rehabilitation Vocational rehabilitation Social rehabilitation Psychological rehabilitation
