DNA Structure, Genes, Proteins, and RNA
Explore the intricate structure of DNA and how it encodes genetic information, leading to the formation of proteins through genes. Learn about the vital role of RNA in protein synthesis and the molecular processes involved in creating proteins from DNA.
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Presentation Transcript
Unraveling DNA Looking at the Structure Looking at the Structure of DNA of DNA Bases Form Codes Bases Form Codes
HOW DNA WORKS UNRAVELING DNA UNRAVELING DNA O The structure of DNA structure of DNA allows DNA to hold DNA to hold information information. GENES AND PROTEINS GENES AND PROTEINS DNA is read like a book O Groups of 3 bases Groups of 3 bases (G,C,A,T) are CODED for specific amino acids O CGA CGA= amino acid proline AGC AGC= amino acid serine proline serine O O O The order of the bases order of the bases G,C,A,T G,C,A,T on one side of the DNA molecule is CODE CODE that carries information a long string of amino acids form a long string of amino acids form a a protein protein O
HOW DNA WORKS GENES AND PROTEINS GENES AND PROTEINS O A GENE GENE is a string of nucleotides nucleotides that give the cell information about how to make a specific trait (example: hair color, eye color) GENES AND PROTEINS GENES AND PROTEINS O PROTEINS PROTEINS are related to traits traits because they cause most chemical triggers chemical triggers and messengers/processes in cells cells O One single organism can have thousands of genes thousands of genes that code code for thousands of proteins. of proteins. trait Each GENE GENE is usually a set of instructions for making a protein protein thousands
HOW DNA WORKS HELP FROM RNA HELP FROM RNA O Another type of molecule that helps make proteins: r ribon nucleic a acid O RNA RNA is similar to DNA O RNA RNA can serve as a temporary temporary copy sequence O Several forms Several forms of RNA help in the process of changing the DNA code the DNA code into proteins copy of DNA help changing proteins
The Making of Protein Copy one side of the segment of DNA containing a GENE Mirrorlike Mirrorlike copy of DNA is copy of DNA is made of RNA made of RNA This copy is called messenger RNA messenger RNA 2. In the cytoplasm the messenger RNA is fed through a protein assembly line. The factory that runs this is the RIBOSOME. RIBOSOME. 1. DNA GENE The messenger RNA is fed through the ribosome 3 ribosome 3 bases bases at a time (G,C,A,T) It moves out of the nucleus It moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm and into the cytoplasm
The Making of Protein 3. Molecules of transfer RNA translate the RNA message translate the RNA message transfer RNA 6. The transfer RNA transfer RNA molecules release their AMINO ACIDS AMINO ACIDS 4. Each transfer RNA molecule transfer RNA molecule picks up a specific AMINO ACID from the cytoplasm 7. The amino acids amino acids become linked in a growing chain growing chain AMINO ACID 8. As the entire segment of messenger RNA passes through the ribosome, the growing chain of amino acids folds up into a NEW PROTEIN MOLECULE! NEW PROTEIN MOLECULE! 5. Inside the ribosome, bases on the transfer RNA transfer RNA match up with bases on the messenger RNA messenger RNA like pieces of a puzzle
