Effective Removal of Heavy Metal Ions Using Lignin Microspheres
Lignin microspheres are a nature-based material used for the efficient removal of nickel(II) and cadmium(II) ions from wastewater. Environmental pollution, caused by factors like urbanization and industrialization, necessitates sustainable solutions. Lignin has proven to be an environmentally friendly bio-adsorbent in combating heavy metal pollution. Discover more about the characteristics of heavy metal ions, treatment processes for their removal, and the potential of lignin as a versatile polymer in bio-renewable materials production.
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LIGNIN MICROSPHERES AS A NATURE-BASED MATERIAL FOR EFFECTIVE NICKEL(II) AND CADMIUM(II) IONS REMOVAL Tijana Stani i , Ana Popovi , Jelena Rusmirovi , Maja oli , Mirjana Risti , Aleksandra Peri -Gruji and Aleksandar Marinkovi
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY FAST GROWING POPULATION, URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION HAS BECOME A SERIOUS THREAT TO THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY ARE BECOMING THE NEW IMPERATIVE OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, AS THE WORLD FACES THE DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION OF METALS DEPENDS ON A NUMBER OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES SUCH AS COAGULATION, ADSORPTION AND COPRECIPITATION, DESORPTION, ION EXCHANGE, HYDROXIDE AND CARBONATE DISSOLUTION LIGNIN IS CONSIDERED AS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BIO-ADSORBENT FOR THE EFFECTIVE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM WASTEWATER
Heavy metals CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY METAL IONS: HIGH TOXICITY, CARCINOGENICITY NON-DEGRADABILITY PERSISTENCE HIGH SOLUBILITY AND MOBILITY TO FACILITATE THE MONITORING OF POLLUTION THERE ARE STRICTLY PRESCRIBED AND LEGALLY ENFORCED REGULATIONS INDICATING THE PERMITTED CONCENTRATIONS OF HAZARDOUS AND NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Cd Ni 0,003 mg/L 0,02 mg/L
Adsorption VARIOUS TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR REMOVING HEAVY METALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION, ION EXCHANGE, ADSORPTION, MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY, ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT, COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION ADSORPTION IS COMMONLY USED TECHNIQUE FOR THE REMOVAL OF METAL IONS FROM VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ADSORPTION IS A PROCESS THAT OCCURS WHEN A GAS OR LIQUID SOLUTE ACCUMULATES ON THE SURFACE OF A SOLID OR A LIQUID (ADSORBENT), FORMING A MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC FILM (THE ADSORBATE) ADVANTAGES OF ADSORPTION: EASE OF OPERATION, HIGH REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND THE AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS ADSORBENTS THAT CAN BE REGENERATED
Lignin LIGNIN IS A NATURAL AMORPHOUS POLYMER THAT HAS GREAT POTENTIAL FOR USE AS A BUILDING BLOCK IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIO RENEWABLE MATERIALS LIGNIN IS AN ABUNDANT NATURAL POLYMER PRESENT IN LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS (15-30% BY WEIGHT), TOGETHER WITH CELLULOSE AND HEMICELLULOSES IT HAS COMPLEX MACROMOLECULAR THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE AND PRESENCE OF METHOXYL, PHENOLIC AND ALIPHATIC HYDROXYL, KETONE AND ALDEHYDE GROUPS LIGNIN OFFERS ADVANTAGES OF ABUNDANCE, LOWING COST, GOOD STABILITY, BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND SUFFICIENT OXYGEN CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS, ETC., MAKING IT A POTENTIAL POLYMER FOR THE RETENTION OF HEAVY METALS THE MODIFICATIONS OF WOOD DERIVATES, SUCH AS CELLULOSE AND LIGNIN, ARE WIDELY APPLIED AS NATURAL POLYMERS DUE TO THEIR ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY, ECOLOGICAL SIMILARITY AND ADSORPTION CAPABILITIES
THE LACK OF RAW LIGNIN IS A SMALL SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF THE ADSORBENT, TO DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL ADSORBENTS, MICROSPHERES PROVIDE A LARGER SURFACE AREA AND POSSESS BETTER DIFFUSION, DISPERSION, AND MASS TRANSFER BEHAVIOR THE PREPARED LMS WAS WITH 36.9 M2 G-1 SURFACE AREA AND 7.7 MMOL G-1 OF TERMINAL AMINO GROUPS. THE SUBJECT OF THIS PAPER IS THE ADSORPTION OF NICKEL AND CADMIUM FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING MODIFIED LIGNIN-LIGNIN MICROSPHERES WITH 5.0 MASS% ALGINATE
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION TESTING IN BATCH SYSTEM, 24 SAMPLES INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF CONTACT TIME, TEMPERATURE AND MASS OF THE ADSORBENT THE INITIAL CONCENTRATION OF NICKEL AND CADMIUM IS 10 MG/L THE PH OF THE NICKEL SOLUTION WAS 5.5 AND THE CADMIUM SOLUTION WAS 6.0 THREE DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES OF 298K, 308K AND 318K THE POROUS MICROSPHERES ARE OF A RADIUS OF 50 TO 950 MICRONS AND A SURFACE AREA OF 36.9 M2 G-1 WERE SYNTHESIZED VIA INVERSE SUSPENSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF THE KRAFT LIGNIN WITH A POLY(ETHYLENE IMINE) GRAFTING-AGENT AND AN EPICHLOROHYDRIN CROSS-LINKER
THE DETERMINED PHPZC OF A-LMS_5 WAS 6.2 PERCENTAGE UPTAKE OF THE CD2+AND NI2+IONS INCREASES WITH AN INCREASE IN PH FROM 4 TO 8 IN THE 6-8 PH RANGE, THE MAXIMUM UPTAKE (CLOSE TO 100%) OF NI2+AND CD2+IONS IS OBSERVED
Absorption parameters according to models of absorption isotherms T=298, 308 I 318 K; M=1, 5, 7,5 I 10 MG; CO=10 MG/L ; T=60 MIN Metal T (K) Lengmirov model Frojndlihov model Metal T (K) Lengmirov model Frojndlihov model R2 R2 qmax( mg/g) Kl (L/mg) n Kf R2 R2 qmax ( mg/g) Kl n Kf (L/mg) Ni 2+ Cd 2+ 298 298 62,1 51,3 0,27 0,984 1,972 18,9 0,931 0,20 0,861 0,139 2,9 0,927 308 96,2 0,21 0,985 1,364 18,4 0,993 308 55,9 0,26 0,923 1,888 16,3 0,982 318 318 0,995 0,999 80,0 0,79 0,993 1,388 13,3 89,3 0,50 0,990 1,360 14,2
Kinetic parameters Metal T (K) Pseudo prvi red Pseudo drugi red R2 R2 qe, exp ( mg/g) qe1(mg/g) k1(L/min) qe2 (mg/g) k2(g/mg min) 298 42,254 14,911 0,038 0,826 44,250 0,005 0,998 T=298, 308 I 318 K Cd 2+ 308 43,254 10,723 0,028 0,851 43,478 0,009 1,000 T=5, 15, 30 I 90 MIN 318 52,253 29,785 0,041 54,945 0,003 0,996 0,981 M=1,0 MG Metal T (K) Pseudo prvi red Pseudo drugi red CO=10 MG/L R2 R2 qe, exp ( mg/g) qe1( mg/g) k1(L/min) qe2( mg/g) k2(g/mg min) 298 45,962 0,985 13,593 0,036 40,984 0,009 0,999 Ni2+ 308 41,845 1,000 16,032 0,036 0,886 43,478 0,005 318 40,325 18,993 0,025 0,932 40,984 0,004 0,999
Thermodynamic parameters G0 H0 S0 (kJ/K Metal T (K) Kl T (K) Kl (L/mol) G0(kJ/mol) H0 S0(kJ/K Metal (L/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) mol) (kJ/mol) mol) 11972,7 -23,265 30010,8 -25,542 298 298 Ni2+ 35,231 0,196 Cd2+ 42,211 0,225 15142,0 -24,647 23941,2 -25,821 308 308 89133,2 -30,134 29427,2 -27,204 318 318 THE PROCESS IS SPONTANEOUS AND ENDOTHERMIC
Conclusion ADSORPTION PROCESS HAS GREAT POTENTIAL FOR THE ELIMINATION OF HEAVY METALS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER USING LOW COST ADSORBENTS LIGNIN IS STILL CONTINUOUSLY RESEARCHED FOR REACHING ITS FULL POTENTIAL AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY BIO-ADSORBENT FOR EFFICIENT REMOVAL OF HEAVY-METAL IONS FROM CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF ADSORBENTS WITH CERTAIN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS HAS PROVEN TO BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO IMPROVE THEIR ADSORPTION PROPERTIES THE MAXIMUM ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF THE A-LMS FOR NICKEL (II) IONS WAS 89.286 MG G-1 AT A TEMPERATURE OF 318 K, WHILE FOR THE ADSORPTION OF CADMIUM(II) IONS IT WAS 96.154 MG G-1 AT A TEMPERATURE OF 308 K. BASED ON THE OBTAINED, PRESENTED AND ANALYZED RESULTS OF THE ADSORPTION PROCESS, IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT THE MODIFIED LIGNIN CAN BE USED AS AN EFFECTIVE ADSORBENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF NICKEL AND CADMIUM IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
