Efficient Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Fish, Insects, and Humans
This detailed explanation covers the gas exchange processes in fish and insects, highlighting the adaptations of fish gills and the ventilation mechanisms in both organisms. It also discusses gas exchange methods shown in graphs and compares them with human ventilation mechanisms.
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EL CERRITO HS WCCUSD DANCE STUDIOS & MULTI-USE CR HVAC April 23, 2013
Note: Subsequent to the initial design, the Multi-Use Classroom was converted to a second Weight Room housing the apparatus equipment that came from the Interim Campus Fitness Rooms. DANCE STUDIOS & MULTI-USE CLASSROOM PLAN
WCCUSD DISTRICTS PROGRAMMING STANDARD IN 2004 UNDER RESOURCES AND DESIGN CRITERIA HVAC SYSTEMS SECTION 6. C COOLING CRITERIA: WCCUSD is located in a region where the mechanical cooling requirements is minimal. Currently and generally mechanical cooling is not required for most schools. However, there are exceptions that will be indicated to the MEOR (Mechanical Engineer of Record) at the beginning of the project. Additionally, all administration areas, libraries, computer labs, media rooms and auditoriums and server rooms including certain data equipment rooms (see data room criteria) shall have mechanical cooling at all sites. WCCUSD STANDARD IN 2004
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) Standard 55 provides the most comprehensive guide to occupant thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is dependent on many factors including air temperature and humidity but also clothing, gender, age, and physical activity levels. The following is a graphical representation of the temperature and humidity levels which are associated with the highest levels of occupant comfort. For the dance studios, the 2011 ASHRAE Handbook for HVAC Applications simplifies the above chart to a typical recommended temperature range of 68.5 to 74.0 F in the Winter and 74.0 to 78.5 F in the Summer. INDUSTRY STANDARD FOR VENTILATION
The ventilation air provided in the design was based on the 2001 California Energy Code. Per Table 4-2, Required Minimum Ventilation Rate per Occupancy, ventilation air for these spaces is required to be provided at a rate of 0.38 CFM/ft and the adjacent corridor at a rate of 0.15 CFM/ft . The resulting total required ventilation airflow is 1540 CFM while the design provided for 1850 CFM or 20% higher than the required minimum value. Ventilation Requirement (CFM/ft ) Ventilation Required (CFM) Room Area (ft ) Small Dance Studio E201 760 0.38 290 Main Dance Studio E202 1680 0.38 640 Multi-use Classroom E203 1100 0.38 420 Corridor E206 1060 0.15 160 Office Storage E200 175 0.15 30 Total 1540 CODE REQUIREMENTS
Air conditioning was provided at the Weight Room due to its location (facing south). All other spaces in this building were provided continuous ventilation and heating per the required code at the time the building was designed. The ECHS gym complex was accepted and opened by the District in August of 2008 (three months early) On 11/5/12 WLC was copied on an email from District Staff containing the letter written October 19, 2012 regarding the temperature in the Dance studios and the Multi-Use classroom. WLC was requested to look into options to provide cooling in these spaces. WLC with District M&O staff developed three options and estimated costs which were submitted to District Staff on 1/30/13 BACKGROUND
1. Install Ceiling Fans: Installing 60 to 96 inch Big Fan approximately-------------------$150,000 Approximate Installation time 45 days. 2. Retrofit existing windows: providing 20%-25% operable window panes--------------$100,000 Approximate Installation time 30 days. 3. Add air conditioning: modify existing heating/ventilation unit, add cooling coil & a new condenser ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------$168,000* Approximate Installation time 90 days. *This cost includes minimal additional framing and roofing for the condenser pad and electrical work. The current electrical capacity at the site will be able to provide power for the new A/C unit. All estimates include soft costs. District Staff recommends add air conditioning to the Dance Studios and Multi-Use Classroom ALTERNATIVES FOR COOLING
