Embodying Values in Design
Dynamic relationship between technology and human values in design, examining viewpoints such as instrumentalism, substantivism, and interactionism. Delve into the sources of values in design and address the normative question of prioritizing values amidst pluralism.
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Presentation Transcript
Applying Value-Sensitive Design
How to embody our values in design? Recall the need for VSD? There are some values we hold dear. Could ensure these values were upheld by: Changing behaviour Through institutions and laws But now, we have technology! These technologies should reflect our values. How to translate?
Scope for this lecture Can technology embody values? What values should we include in design? How can we translate values into design requirements?
Can technology embody values? 3 viewpoints to think of values in technology Instrumentalism Substantivism Interactionism
Instrumentalism Technology is value-neutral. It is only a matter of how we use it.
Substantivism Technology is value-laden. Independent of human choices and actions. Overlooks human influence in its creation and use.
Interactionism Value is created dynamically. Designers Depends on our interactions with technology. Technology Human influence in both creation and use of technology. Users
What values should we include in design? Sources of values in design Design brief Designers Users and stakeholders Laws and government policies Technical codes and standards Codes of ethics and other moral concerns
What values should we include in design? This is a normative question: What *should* we do? People may answer very differently: value pluralism. Becomes harder to prioritise values, but not impossible.
Dealing with value pluralism. Some agreement on some core values. Disagreement about importance of values but not outright rejection. Addressing different stakeholders values in design may be possible.
Intrinsic Value vs Instrumental Value A way to distinguish between values. Intrinsic values: valuable for their own sake. (e.g. truth, beauty, love) Instrumental values: valuable because they contribute to something else that is valuable (e.g. money).
How to translate values into design requirements? Values Overview of Values Hierarchy Norms Design Requirements
Values Hierarchy for poultry battery cages. Animal welfare Values Enough living space Presence of laying nests Norms Litter Perches 40 cm height over at least 65% of the area floor-slope of maximally 14% at least 450 cm2 floor area per hen 10 cm feeding trough per bird Design requirements
Constructing values hierarchy for biofuels. What are biofuels? Fuels that are based on relatively recent lifeless or living biological material. Why use biofuels? To deal with expected shortage of fossil fuels. To reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (esp. CO2).
Biofuels: some criticisms. Environmental effects Effects on food production and food prices due to resource competition. Ethical design possible?
Biofuels & VSD Sustainability Intergenerational justice Intragenerational justice Care for nature Avoid increase in other environmental problems Provide opportunities to developing countries Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Avoid (additional) increase in food prices Sustain availability of fuels Maintain biodiversity Ensure just reward No increased use of fertilizer and pesticides High energy efficiency Flexible use of license agreements for IP (intellectual Property) Cultivation should not have negative effects on biodiversity Can be produced in developing countries Effective fuel Non-edible No over-use of water and of other inputs Renewable No additional greenhouse emissions from cultivation, production and transportation No competition for agricultural land and other inputs Can be produced on small scale and with limited investments Should not deteriorate working conditions for farmers No increased air pollution Reliable supply Competitive price
Biofuels & VSD Sustainability Intergenerational justice Intragenerational justice Care for nature Avoid increase in other environmental problems Provide opportunities to developing countries Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Avoid (additional) increase in food prices Sustain availability of fuels Maintain biodiversity Ensure just reward No increased use of fertilizer and pesticides High energy efficiency Flexible use of license agreements for IP (intellectual Property) Cultivation should not have negative effects on biodiversity Can be produced in developing countries Effective fuel Non-edible No over-use of water and of other inputs Renewable No additional greenhouse emissions from cultivation, production and transportation No competition for agricultural land and other inputs Can be produced on small scale and with limited investments Should not deteriorate working conditions for farmers No increased air pollution Reliable supply Competitive price
Biofuels & VSD Sustainability Intergenerational justice Intragenerational justice Care for nature Avoid increase in other environmental problems Provide opportunities to developing countries Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Avoid (additional) increase in food prices Sustain availability of fuels Maintain biodiversity Ensure just reward No increased use of fertilizer and pesticides High energy efficiency Flexible use of license agreements for IP (intellectual Property) Cultivation should not have negative effects on biodiversity Can be produced in developing countries Effective fuel Non-edible No over-use of water and of other inputs Renewable No additional greenhouse emissions from cultivation, production and transportation No competition for agricultural land and other inputs Can be produced on small scale and with limited investments Should not deteroriate working conditions for farmers No increased air pollution Reliable supply Competitive price
Biofuels & VSD Sustainability Intergenerational justice Intragenerational justice Care for nature Avoid increase in other environmental problems Provide opportunities to developing countries Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Avoid (additional) increase in food prices Sustain availability of fuels Maintain biodiversity Ensure just reward No increased use of fertilizer and pesticides High energy efficiency Flexible use of license agreements for IP (intellectual Property) Cultivation should not have negative effects on biodiversity Can be produced in developing countries Effective fuel Non-edible No over-use of water and of other inputs Renewable No additional greenhouse emissions from cultivation, production and transportation No competition for agricultural land and other inputs Can be produced on small scale and with limited investments Should not deteriorate working conditions for farmers No increased air pollution Reliable supply Competitive price
Biofuels & VSD Sustainability Intergenerational justice Intragenerational justice Care for nature Avoid increase in other environmental problems Provide opportunities to developping countries Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Avoid (additional) increase in food prices Sustain availability of fuels Maintain biodiversity Ensure just reward No increased use of fertilizer and pesticides High energy efficiency Flexible use of license agreemnets for IP (intellectual Property) Cultivation should not have negative effects on biodiversity Can be produced in developing countries Effective fuel Non-edible No over-use of water and of other inputs Renewable No additional greenhouse emissions from cultivation, production and transportation No competition for agricultural land and other inputs Can be produced on small scale and with limited investments Should not detoriate working conditions for farmers No increased air pollution Reliable supply Competitive price
Evolution of biofuels: responsible innovation? First generation biofuels: (existing) food crops. Second generation: non-edible crops but competition for land and some negative ecological effects. Third generation: based on bacteria and algae (but still very expensive).
Constructing a values hierarchy. Can be done top-down or bottom-up. Usually in combination in an iterative process Top-down: Specification of values into operational alternatives Bottom-up: Asking what greater purpose are we trying to achieve?
Rethinking battery cages and biofuels. Does meeting lower level norms count as an instance of meeting higher level norms or values? Animal welfare Values ? Enough living space Presence of laying nests Norms Litter Perches 40 cm height over at least 65% of the area floor-slope of maximally 14% at least 450 cm2 floor area per hen 10 cm feeding trough per bird Design requirements
What we covered in this lecture How to embody values in design? Defending the interactionist position. Value pluralism and how to deal with it? Values hierarchy: translating values into design.
Thank you for your attention! Please post any questions you may have in our discussion forum.
