Emergence of Translation Studies: Traditions and Influential Figures

Translation Studies The emergence of a discipline Instructor Name: Assistant Professor Dr. Raheem ALKaabi By Muhanad F. Abood

Outline Representatives of great traditions, (Precursors, Pioneers, Masters). Disciples efforts in paving the way. Vinay and Darbelnet s translation strategies. Legacy of James Holmes Conclusions

Andr Lefevere divides the representatives of great traditions, appointed ex post by members of the tradition Precursors polemically oriented on other intellectual traditions flourishing in the intellectual milieu Pioneers carry out part of the program and their work sets the standard by means of which the disciples measure their success Masters The tradition as such has only been criticized internally. Disciples

Precursors Martin Luther (1483 1546) Luther s infusion of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms that focused on the TL and the TT reader were crucial . (Munday, 2016, p.40)

Pioneers They formulate the raw program of the tradition and often they formulate its manifest (Radnitzky, 1970, p.9). Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700 66), his two Swiss antagonists Johann Jakob Bodmer (1698 1783) and Johann Jakob Breitinger (1701 76), along with the dramatist and critic Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729 81) and the philosopher and critic Johann Gottfried Herder (1744 1803).

Johann Gottfried Herder interest was in how translation could be a means for improving German literature and culture; they centered on the issues of translatability or untranslatability and the mythical nature of translation

Masters The poet and dramatist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 1832), the Schleiermacher (1768 1834), the language scholar and educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767 1835), the early Romantic poet Novalis (1772 1801) and the Shakespeare translator August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767 1845). Friedrich theologian

Friedrich Schleiermacher (17681834) In 1814, he wrote (Everywhere theories are the order of the day with us, but up to now no one has provided a theory of translation that is based on solid foundations, that is logically developed and completely worked out people have only presented fragments. Either translators leave the writer in peace and move the reader toward TT, or they leave the reader in peace and move the writer toward ST (Snell-Hornby, 2006, p.6)

(Disciples) Paving the Way for a New Discipline After the Second World War Literary Translation (Comparative Literature) Non-literary Translation (Subdivision of Linguistics)

Prague School (mid 1920s) Roman Jakobson (1896 1982) On Linguistic Aspects of Translation (1959): 1. Intranlingual Translation (rewording) 2. Interlingual Translation (translation proper) 3. Intersemiotic Translation (verbal sign into non verbal)

Ji Levy (19261967) (The Art of Translation) Levy sees literary translation as a form of art. Reproductive Art Creative Art Translation

Translation as a Decision Process translating is seen as a decision process, with moves, based on a series of consecutive situations, as in a game (Levy 1967/2000, p.148) understandin g interpreting transfer

Vinay and Darbelnet

The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995/2004: 128 37) are: (i) direct translation and (ii) oblique translation.

Direct Translation

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2. Calque Which is a special kind of borrowing: science-fiction Complements of the season (compliments de la sasion)

3. Literal Translation This is word-for-word translation. Vinay and Darbelnet describe it as being most common between languages of the same family and culture. Iraq Recovery and Development Framework

4. Transposition This is a change of one part of speech for another (e.g. noun for verb) without changing the sense. before he comes back ... she is a fast driver -

5. Modulation This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL ......... no vacancies out side the building

6. quivalence They use it to refer to cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural means before you could say jack robinson

7. Adaptation This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture. The resumption of internet service our hearts. warmed

Nida The term equivalence was to dominate the next two decades. Toward a Science of Translating (1964) made a substantial contribution towards developing the new field of scholarship. Nida s differentiation between formal and dynamic equivalence

1. Formal equivalence: Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content.

2. Dynamic equivalence: Dynamic, later functional, equivalence is based on what Nida calls the principle of equivalent effect , where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. Every cloud has a silver lining

Leipzig School (1970s) Otto Kade, Gert J.ger and Albrecht Neubert. Kade introduced concepts from communication theory to explain the act of translation, particularly as regards non- literary texts. This involves: 1. The communication partners (the author of the source text, the translator, the user of the translation); 2. The language as means of communication; 3. The objective reality as object of communication and as context of situation in the broadest sense. (Snell-Hornby, 2006, p.26)

James Holmes However the ground was being prepared elsewhere, it was James Holmes (1924 1986) who both formulated the raw program and presented the manifesto of today s discipline. He presented a seminal paper in 1972 in the Translation Section of the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics, held in Copenhagen, which was entitled The Name and Nature of Translation Studies .

He presented a seminal paper in 1972 in the Translation Section of the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics, held in Copenhagen, which was entitled The Name and Nature of Translation Studies .

Holmess map of translation studies (from Toury, 1995, p.10)

Conclusions Precursors, Martin Luther (infusion of the Bible with the language of ordinary people) Pioneers (interest was in how translation could be a means for improving literature and culture). Masters, Schleiermacher (fragments of theories). (Disciples) Paving the Way for a New Discipline. James Holmes, seminal paper in 1972.

References Levy , Ji .. 1967/2000. Translation as a Decision Process. In To Honor Roman Jakobson. Essays on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, repr. The Translation Studies Reader, L. Venuti (ed.).148 171. Munday, Jeremy. 2001/2016. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and applications. London/New York: Routledge. Radnitzky, Gerard. 1970. Contemporary Schools of Metascience. G.teborg: G.teborg Univ. Press. Snell-Hornby, M. 2006. The Turns of Translation Studies, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Theories and applications. London/New York: Routledge. Snell-Hornby, M. 2010 The turns of translation studies , in Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer (eds), pp. 366 70. Toury, G. (1995/2012) Descriptive Translation Studies And Beyond, 2nd ed, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.