Explore the vital role of the endocrine system in regulating body functions through hormone secretion. Learn about the integration of nervous and endocrine systems, manipulation of hormones for various purposes, and the classification and properties of hormones. Discover the key endocrine glands and their functions in reproductive physiology and endocrinology research.
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Presentation Transcript
Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology Endocrinology: Part A John Parrish Professor Department of Animal Sciences
Manipulation of the Endocrine System Hormones can be used to regulate body functions growth (anabolic steroids) lactation (GH or STH) birth control (Estradiol, Progesterone) estrous cycle (PGF2 ) superovulation and embryo transplant (FSH,eCG) parturition (oxytocin)
Endocrine Gland A ductless gland Secretes substances (hormones) into blood or lymph that affect cells elsewhere in the body The secretion does not involve loss of tissue
Exocrine Gland A gland with ducts that are used for secretion
Hormone Substance produced by endocrine gland Acts on cells, tissues or organs at a place other than where produced Acts as a catalyst.
Classification and Properties of Hormone A. Site of Production B. Type of action 1. Primary hormone of reproduction 2. Metabolic hormone C. Chemical Structure 1. General structure o Proteins and polypeptides o Steroids o Fatty acids o Modified amino acid 2. Size
Classification and Properties of Hormone A. Site of Production B. Type of action 1. Primary hormone of reproduction 2. Metabolic hormone C. Chemical Structure 1. General structure o Proteins and polypeptides o Steroids o Fatty acids o Modified amino acid 2. Size
Function of Hypothalamus appetite thirst body temperature vasomotor activity emotion use of body nutrient reserves activity of intestine sleep sexual behavior Production and release of releasing hormones
Releasing Hormones of the Hypothalamus A. Structure short chain polypeptides (3 - 44 amino acids) B. General Function to cause the release of trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus Nuclei that produce posterior pituitary hormones
Posterior Pituitary Hormones A.Structure polypeptides (9 amino acids) B. Hormone Oxytocin - contraction of smooth muscle
Placental Hormones Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) Formation of accessory CL and maintains pregnancy Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Maintains primate CL and pregnancy Placental Lactogen (PL) Development of the mammary gland in the mother Steroids - Estrogen and Progesterone
Gonadal Steroids Cont. A. General Cont. Solubility o Bound to a binding protein for transport B. Type of Steroids Androgens - Testosterone Estrogen - Estradiol Progestin - Progesterone
Phospholipids Prostaglandins Many tissues Local effects Degraded in lung PLA2 COOH Arachidonic Acid Cyclo-oxygenase Inhibited by aspirin COOH o o PGG2 OOH COOH o o PGH2 OH PGE2 PGF2 OH O COOH COOH OH OH OH OH
Phospholipids PLA2 COOH Arachidonic Acid Cyclo-oxygenase COOH o o PGG2 OOH Vasoconstriction CL regression Ovulation Parturition Sperm transport PGF2 Vasodilation Maintain CL Ovulation Implantation COOH o o PGH2 OH PGE2 OH O COOH COOH OH OH OH OH
Other Hormones B. Melatonin 1. Secreted from the pineal gland. 2. Is a modified amino acid 3. Functions to integrate effects of light on reproductive processes.
Other Hormones C. Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG) 1. Anterior pituitary gland Secreted in menopause, FSH-like activity Isolated from urine a. Perganol - superovulation
Classification and Properties of Hormone A. Site of Production B. Type of action 1. Primary hormone of reproduction (FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone) What else? 2. Metabolic hormone (thyroxin, insulin, STH)
Classification and Properties of Hormone Chemical Structure Polypeptides hypothalamic Protein - pituitary, gonad Steroids - gonad, adrenal Fatty acid - many sources, prostaglandins Modified amino acid - pineal
Chemical Structure of Hormones Polypeptide modified amino acid protein GnRh melatonin TRH CRH GHRH Somatistatin Oxytocin sex steroid fatty acid Estradiol Progesterone Testosterone LH FSH Prolactin ACTH TSH GH or STH Relaxin Inhibin PGF 2
Chemical Structure of Hormones Molecular size of hormones that regulate reproduction Hormone Molecular Weight FSH LH Prolactin HCG eCG Inhibin Relaxin ACTH Oxytocin GnRH Estradiol Testosterone Progesterone PGF 2 30,000 to 37,000 26,000 to 32,000 23,000 to 25,000 37,700 28,000 >10,000 6,500 4,500 1,007 1,200 300 300 300 300
Chemical Structure of Hormones Cont. Polypeptide and protein hormones are made of peptide bonds H O H H Peptide Bond N C C H H O R N C C H O R These hormones can not be given orally!
Chemical Structure of Hormones Cont. Steroid Biosynthesis Cholesterol Ovary or Testis Adrenal Pregnenolone Progesterone Progesterone Cortisol Testosterone Estradiol These hormones can be given orally!!!
