Energy: Basics, Laws, Sources, and Consumption
Delve into the world of energy with insights into its definition, units, laws of thermodynamics, electricity generation, consumption by source, and more. Explore non-renewable and renewable energy sources, including coal formation and types. Discover key facts about energy to enhance your knowledge and awareness.
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Presentation Transcript
APES ENERGY Video**Bill Nye Energy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw5qtadMSno
ENERGY = THE ABILITY TO DO WORK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDK2p1QbPKQ POWER = WORK / TIME Units for Power = watt or kilowatt Horsepower = for automobiles 1 horsepower = 746 watts Btu = British Thermal Unit (used in the U.S.) is the amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 F. 1 watt = 3.4 Btu/ hr
Energy units Kilowatt = 1000 or 10 3 watts Megawatt = 1,000,000 or 10 6 watts kWh (kilowatt hour) is used for billing EX. Heater uses 1 kWh 60 watt lightbulb for 1 hour uses .06 kWh 60 watt lightbulb for 1000 hours uses 60 kWh Measuring electricityhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPat2PULZYw
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 1ST LAW = (also called law of conservation of energy ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED 2ND LAW = WHEN ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO ANOTHER FORM A LESS USEFUL FORM RESULTS EX. Only 20% of energy in gasoline is converted 80 % is lost as heat https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2 6_GN-uL4Jc
ELECTRICITY Video Energy 101: electricity generationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20Vb6hlLQSg
ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE Wood (1776) *Industrial Revolution Coal (1850) Petroleum(1860) Natural Gas (1880) Hydroelectric (1890) Nuclear (1960) Other Renewables (1965)
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN UNITED STATES 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 2
ENERGY SOURCES NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN NOT BE REPLENESHED EX. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil, natural gas) NUCLEAR ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN BE REPLENESHED EX. SOLAR, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMAL HYDROPOWER, WIND
COAL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okTQyWAdauc - Produced by decomposition of ancient organic matter (over 280 million years) under high pressure Sulfur is trapped in coal from decomposition of Hydrogen sulfide 3 types of Coal - 1. Lignite (softest, lowest heat content) - 2. Bituminous (soft, high sulfur content) - 3. Anthracite (hard, high heat content, low sulfur content) Peat = pre-coal (low heat content) - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=XacGwiVmMhY
COAL EXTRACTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylkdU uNOJzw (underground coal mining) 2 METHODS OF MINING COAL 1. SURFACE STRIP MINING 2. UNDERGROUND MINING https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euhb koFik_8 (strip mining) Must go through preparation process: -removing foreign material -screening for size -crushing -washing to remove contaminants
consumption COAL CONSUMPTION *U.S. consumes the most *87% of coal is for electricity (largest source used for electricity) *estimated to last about 300 years at current extraction
COAL POWER PLANT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE JKiUYjW1E (coal power plant)
COAL (PROS & CONS) PROS CONS -more abundant than other fossil fuels -high net energy yield -stable -not harmful if spilled -land disruption (erosion) -disrupts wildlife habitat -coal burning produces fly ash and sludge -expensive to transport & clean -causes pollution -causes global warming https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd3_B4LqvOw Coal documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd3_B4LqvOw Coal documentary
OIL -produced by decomposition of deeply buried ocean plants and animals under high temperature and pressure after millions of years -products of oil are called petrochemical (paints, medicines, plastics) -found in varying depths of Earth s crust -can be trapped in a layer of porous sandstone between nonporous rock like limestone or trapped at a fault
OIL EXTRACTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0WyqQe2W7k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SmSNRTU1Vw -oil is released by drilling a well and puncturing the limestone layer -it flows from the well because it is under pressure (will be pumped out when pressure is diminished) -after oil is collected, it goes to a Refinery where it is cracked ( cracking involves separating the components by their boiling points) -Refined crude oil produces gasoline, diesel, asphalt
OIL CONSUMPTION -about 50 70% of crude oil reserve is already gone -estimated 50 year supply left -most of oil reserve is in Middle East -U.S. owns 3% of world s oil reserve -U.S. uses 30% of extracted oil / year -2/3 of oil used in U.S. is for transportation -1/4 of oil used in U.S. is for industry -Oil imports in U.S. have declined due to improved energy efficiency
OIL (PROS & CONS) PROS CONS -inexpensive -Easily transported with pipeline network -high net energy yield -versatile (produces paints, medicine, plastics etc.) - - Oil reserves limited Produces pollution (SO2, NO, CO2) Releases wastewater & brine (salty water) Disrupts land surface (erosion) Disrupts wildlife habitat Oil spills (land & ocean) - - - -
NATURAL GAS - - - Methane or CH4 from dense shale rock Methane is a greenhouse gas, is highly flammable and odorless By decomposition of ancient organic matter under high temperature and high pressure Associated with oil deposits (floats above oil) Can be liquefied (LNG liquid natural gas) - -
NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION/HYDROFRACKING https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXDWEb6RjZY -flows from wells (under pressure) due to hydrofracking -HYDROFRACKING = HYDRAULIC FRACTURING 1. chemicals are mixed with large quantities of water 2. these chemicals are injected into wells at high pressure to create fractures in the rock 3. this allows natural gas (and oil) to escape and flow out of well *PROS= short process, well can be in production for 20 to 40 years *CONS= toxic, radioactive, liquid waste pose storage/disposal issues (can contaminate water supply), impacts flora (plants) and fauna (animals)
20.9% 13.6% 4.6% 4.2% 3.7% 2.9% 2.7% 2.4% 2.3% 2.2% 40.6%
NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION -most natural gas reserves are in the Middle East -Russia and Kazakstan together have 40%
NATURAL GAS (PROS & CONS) PROS CONS - Pipeline network (LNG can be transported by rail & ship) Inexpensive World reserves will last 125 years High net energy yield Produces less pollution than other fossil fuels -H2S AND SO2 are released during processing -LNG processing is expensive and dangerous -disrupts land area -releases contaminated waste water and brine - - - -
NUCLEAR ENERGY -can result from Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion -Nuclear Fission= when an atom splits into 2 or more smaller nuclei *when controlled, heat produced will form the steam needed to turn a turbine and generate electricity -common nuclear fuels used are isotopes of Uranium like: U-235, U-238, Pu-239 -(half-life years)U-235 is 700 million , U-238 is 4.5 billion , Pu is 24,000 -U-238 will decay into Pu-239
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 4 different nuclear reactor types - 1. light-water reactor (uses normal water) - 2. heavy-water reactor (uses deuterium oxide water) - 3. graphite-moderated reactor (uses graphite) - 4. exotic reactors (experimental material) ALL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING: CORE= contains fuel rods with fuels like U-235 CONTROL RODS= move in and out of core to absorb neutrons and slow down reaction Moderator= uses a medium such as water or graphite to reduce velocity of fast neutrons COOLANT= removes heat and produces the steam
NUCLEAR ENERGY PROS & CONS PROS CONS -amount of potential energy is 10 million times more than fossil fuels -1/6 of CO2 emission (little air pollution) -little land disruption -nuclear waste is highly radioactive for thousands of years -low net energy yield due to mining & processing uranium, building & operating the plant, Storage & disposal of waste -safety/malfunction issues
ENERGY CONSERVATION EPA= Environmental Protection Agency NRC=Nuclear Regulatory Commission DOE=Department of Energy Energy Star= develops programs to save energy and avoid greenhouse gases CAFE=(Corporate Average Fuel Economy) are standards for fuel economies which follow EPA guidelines Standards include: *better engine design *weight reduction *streamlining *hybrid technology
