English Grammatical Gender
English nouns exhibit natural grammatical gender, with animate nouns classified as masculine or feminine based on biological sex. Inanimate nouns have a neutral gender. The system categorizes nouns with personal reference into classes like Male, Female, Dual, and Common, showcasing various gender distinctions in language.
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THE NOMINAL THE NOMINAL CATEGORY OF GENDER CATEGORY OF GENDER IN ENGLISH IN ENGLISH
1 1. . English has English has natural grammatical grammatical gender 2 2. . Animate nouns are either masculine Animate nouns are either masculine (male) or feminine (female) according (male) or feminine (female) according to the biological sex of the referent of to the biological sex of the referent of the noun. the noun. 3 3. . Inanimate nouns are neuter in Inanimate nouns are neuter in gender gender natural rather than rather than gender.
4 4. English nouns have either . English nouns have either personal nonpersonal nonpersonal reference. 5 5. . Nouns with personal reference Nouns with personal reference include nouns that refer to human include nouns that refer to human beings. beings. 6 6. . Nouns with nonpersonal reference Nouns with nonpersonal reference include nouns that refer to animals and include nouns that refer to animals and inanimates inanimates. . personal or or reference.
( (1 1) ) Nouns with personal Nouns with personal reference reference Nouns with personal reference fall under four classes of gender: Male, Female, Dual and Common
Male/Female pairs: father-mother; son- daughter; king-queen; boy- girl
THIS CLASS IS SUBDIVIDED INTO: THIS CLASS IS SUBDIVIDED INTO: A- Nouns morphologically marked for feminine gender: host-hostess; hero-heroine; usher-usherette B- Nouns morphologically marked for masculine gender: widow- widower; bride-bridegroom
DUAL GENDER DUAL GENDER dual gender (masculine or feminine): or feminine): friend friend, , student cook cook, , teacher teacher. (To show gender (To show gender distinction, we use compounds, e.g distinction, we use compounds, e.g., "boy boy- -friend friend" and and "girl girl- -friend student student" and and "female student female student") Nouns with Nouns with dual gender (masculine parent, , student, , parent friend"; "male male
COMMON GENDER COMMON GENDER Nouns with common gender (masculine, feminine or neuter): baby, child, infant. (These nouns can be referred to by "he, she or it".)
( (2 2) )Nouns with nonpersonal reference Nouns with nonpersonal reference Male-female pairs: bull-cow; ram-ewe; stallion-mare. Nouns morphologically marked for feminine gender: lion-lioness. Nouns with dual gender: cat.
THE NOMINAL THE NOMINAL CATEGORY OF GENDER CATEGORY OF GENDER IN ARABIC IN ARABIC
1 1. Arabic has . Arabic has grammatical gender. gender. 2 2. Gender is a feature of the . Gender is a feature of the noun itself. noun itself. 3 3. Nouns are either . Nouns are either masculine (M) (M) feminine feminine (F) or (F) or common (both masculine and feminine) (both masculine and feminine) grammatical masculine common
M: M: walad walad F: F: bint bint Common: Common: ariiq ' boy' boy' girl' girl' ' ariiq 'way' way'
Arabic has Arabic has three markers of feminine gender: markers of feminine gender: 1 1. . the the - -t of feminine gender gender 'paradise', paradise', female teacher teacher three morphological morphological t of feminine female
2. shortened feminine gender feminine gender / shortened - -aa of aa of
3. the extended feminine gender feminine gender / / the extended - -aa of aa of
Arabic has two types of feminine Arabic has two types of feminine gender: gender: (real / natural) (real / natural) / / / / (unreal/unnatural feminine) / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
Real / natural gender is subdivided into Real / natural gender is subdivided into 3 3 types: 1 1. . (having a feminine marker): (having a feminine marker): / 2. (feminine in signification, not in form): / / 3. signification): / / types: / / / / / / / (feminine in form & / / /
