Epidemiological Exercise Challenges: Studies on Cancer, Ulcers, and Hypertension
Explore a series of epidemiological exercises involving studies on breast cancer, gastric ulcers, cervical carcinoma, and hypertension risk related to contraceptive use. Understand study types, errors, risk calculations, and recommendations for further research.
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Presentation Transcript
Epidemiological Exercise Set 1
In a study, researcher found that out of 250 females having breast carcinoma, 134 females were having children, where as out of 250 matched females 246 were having children. 1. What type of study is this ? (Marks 1) 2. Name 2 errors that can happen in this type of study? (Marks 1) 3. calculate the risk of breast cancer, in nulliparous females? (Marks 2) 4. What study will you suggest further to confirm findings of this study? (Mark 1)
Epidemiological Exercise Set 2
A researcher conducted study on patients of Gastric ulcers. 1000 patients taking ranitidine and same amount of matched patients taking omeprazole were followed for 25 years. Gastric carcinoma was developed in 58 among ranitidine users and 24 in omeprazole users group. 1. What type of study is this ? (Marks 1) 2. Name 2 errors that can happen in this type of study? (Marks 1) 3. Calculate risk of gastric carcinoma with use of ranitidine relative to use of omeprazole ? (Marks 2) 4. What study will you suggest further to confirm findings of this study? (Mark 1)
Epidemiological Exercise Set 3
In PHC Rithora, out of 1600 females screened for cervical carcinoma by PAP smear examination 720 were found positive. All these females were followed in RMCH. Out of 600 females were found positive for cervical carcinoma by colposcopy biopsy examination in RMCH, 570 were screened positive by PAP examination. Calculate the following about PAP smear in diagnosing cervical Ca. 1. Sensitivity (marks 1.5) 2. Specificity (marks 1.5) 3. Positive predictive value (marks 2)
Epidemiological Exercise Set 4
Out of 482 OCP users, 27 developed hypertension while among 1908 non-OCP users, 77 developed hypertension. 1. What type of study is this ? (Marks 1) 2. Calculate risk of developing hypertension among OCP users relative to non-OCP users ? (Marks 2) 3. How much risk of developing hypertension can be reduced by replacing OCPs with other methods of contraception? (Mark 2)
Epidemiological Exercise Set 5
In PHC Rithora, out of 550 females found positive on PAP smear, 150 were found negative for cervical cancer by histopathology. Out of 4450 PAP negative females, 100 were found positive by histopathology. Calculate the following about PAP smear in diagnosing cervical Ca. 1. Sensitivity (marks 1.25) 2. Specificity (marks 1.25) 3. Positive predictive value (marks 1.25) 4. Negative predictive value (marks 1.25)
