Epidemiology: Importance, Methods, and Applications
Explore the fundamentals of epidemiology, from defining the discipline to measuring disease frequency and prevalence. Learn about the tools and key concepts used in epidemiological studies to understand and prevent the spread of diseases in populations.
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Presentation Transcript
BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
The epidemiological sequence: Observation. Counting cases or events. Relating cases or events to the population at risk. Making comparisons.
The epidemiological sequence: Developing the hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis. Making scientific inferences. Conducting experimental studies Intervention and evaluation.
Tools of measurements in epidemiology: Rate: the rate measures the occurrence of some particular event (disease, death) in a population during a given time period. It is a statement of the risk of developing a condition.
Tools of measurements in epidemiology: Ratio: ratio is also a measurement of disease frequency. A Ratio = ------------ x K C (A is not a component of C) (K= constant = 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000) e.g. Dentist / Population ratio, Gender ratio Male / Female.
Tools of measurements in epidemiology: Proportion: proportion is a rate which indicate the relation in magnitude of a part to the whole, it is usually expressed as a percentage. E.g. proportional death rat of a cause to all deaths
Prevalence: It is the frequency of all current cases of disease in a specified time. It can be measured at a single point Prevalence) or over a period of time (Period Prevalence). population at a in time (Point
Prevalence rate best used for measurements of: Chronic, long-term illness Monitoring of changes in chronic diseases
Factors influencing prevalence rate The number of new cases (if many people develop a disease its prevalence rate is higher than if few people do so)
Incidence: It is the frequency of new cases in the population at risk during a specified period of time.
Example: In a class of 100 students some of the students become ill with mumps during the month of Oct. On the 30th Sept., 5 students reported mumps recovered within 5 days, during Oct. 30 students Calculate : Incidence during Oct Period prevalence on Oct. Point prevalence at 30th Sep. had got mumps.
Endemic: It is the habitual presence of a disease within a geographical area or the usual occurrence of a disease within such area. Epidemic: It is an unusual increase in frequency of disease above the occurrence. expected (endemic)
