Essentials of Genetics: Alleles, Dominance, and Traits
Explore the fundamental concepts of genetics, including the role of chromosomes, DNA, alleles, and genes in determining traits. Learn about dominant and recessive alleles, homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, and how they influence phenotypes. Delve into concepts like complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and multiple alleles through engaging visuals and informative resources. Understand the genetic basis of traits such as eye color and blood groups, and discover the fascinating world of genetics through interactive examples and educational videos.
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Presentation Transcript
Genetics Chromosomes are made of DNA DNA holds genes Different forms of a gene = allele i.e. brown vs. blue eyes Dominant = alleles that cover other alleles i.e. brown eye allele = B Recessive = alleles covered up by other alleles i.e. blue eye allele = b How many alleles for each trait???
2 alleles for each trait! Homozygous = your 2 alleles are the same i.e. BB (what color eyes?) bb (what color eyes?) Heterozygous = your 2 alleles are different i.e. Bb (what color eyes?) Genotype = genetic make-up, what alleles you have Phenotype = appearance, what it looks like Really it is the expression of the genes
Complete Dominance One allele is dominant over the other Monohybrid = 1 trait (T_ = tall, tt = short)- 4 boxes in Punnett square Dihybrid = 2 traits (T_ =tall, tt = short and Y_ = yellow, yy = green)- 16 boxes in Punnett square P, F1, F2 generations Genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio
Incomplete Dominance Neither allele is dominant Red, pink and white flowers (Snapdragons) Brown, Roan, White (Cows) BB = Brown, BW = Roan, WW = White Amoeba Sisters https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJHGfbW55l0 Genotypic ratio = phenotypic ratio (always!)
Multiple Alleles ABO blood groups Amoeba Sisters multiple alleles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O5JQqlngFY Sickle Cell Trait and heterozygote advantage Sickle Cell Anemia and Sickle Cell Trait https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIIJmg_1hv0 Allison and Sickle Cell HHMI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zsbhvl2nVNE Stem cell transplant (bone marrow) for sickle cell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9S-xVGsR5Ss
