Ethics Teaching Resources at UHWO
Linda Axtell-Thompson, DBE, MBA, shares comprehensive resources for UHWO faculty teaching Ethics Focus Designation courses, including discussions on moral judgment, ethical theories, and practical applications.
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Linda Axtell-Thompson, DBE, MBA UHWO Professional Development May 15, 2023 1 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
My Journey BA Philosophy MBA Nonprofit Management 30+ years nonprofit management including 25+ years healthcare strategy & policy 10 years experience in university teaching & professional training in ethics & management Masters Bioethics Doctorate Bioethics / Organizational Ethics 2 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Overview Introduce background information and compiled resources available for UHWO faculty who intend to teach Ethics Focus Designation courses Ethics in Review Applying Ethics Teaching Resources 3 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethics in Review 4 09/06/18 HPGS Conference 2018 Dementia Track
What is Ethics? Definition Study of standards of conduct, moral judgment, specific moral choices Rules or standards governing conduct of individuals or professionals Help determine what is ethical in general and specific situations Diverse approaches Classic normative theories from moral philosophy Theories to analyze ethical dilemmas from different perspectives Separately and together Each theory limits others, none rules every time, all are tentative, often lead to similar answers Consider differing values, keep all in play, seek creativity and balance Weston p58-60; Markkula 5 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
What is Ethics? Utilitarian Produce most good or least harm, or greatest balance of good over harm; seek most good for most stakeholders; consider consequences Rights Respect moral rights of those affected; dignity is based on human nature or free will; people are ends in themselves and not just means to an end Justice Treat all human beings equally or fairly based on defensible standard Virtue Nurture those ideal virtues, traits, habits (justice, loyalty) to act according to highest potential as humans. "Is this action consistent with my best self?" Duty Do the right thing, follow proper procedure, adhere to standards; independent of consequences Common Good Life in community is good in itself; interrelationships require respect and compassion for all especially vulnerable and common conditions of all Care Moral significance in relationships and dependencies in human life; prioritize relationships of specific individuals in particular context vs universal abstract rules 6 Markkula, Weston, ethics.org.au 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
What is Ethics? Moral Awareness Recognize that a situation raises ethical issues Moral Decision Making Determine what course of action is ethically sound Moral Intent Identify which values should take priority in the decision Moral Action Follow through on ethical decisions Rhode & Packel p30 7 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethics vs Laws vs Morals vs Values Ethics vs Laws Ethics and law are related but not identical Legal is not necessarily ethical, ethical is not necessarily legal Ethics vs Morals Ethics is study of moral awareness, judgment, character, conduct Morals relate to customs accepted by society as right and wrong Ethics vs Values Part of one s philosophy of life; what is real, true, worth acting on Moral values, along with economic, aesthetic, political, other Petrick & Quinn p42-44 8 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources 05-23
Compliance vs Discernment Ethics goes beyond compliance Let s start with Don t Lie, Cheat, or Steal! Now let s address more nuanced issues Compliance Conform to rules, e.g., specification, policy, standard or law. Aspire to ensure aware of and comply with relevant rules Discernment Ability to judge well, psychological or moral in nature Going past mere perception, making nuanced judgments Wikipedia 9 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Challenges to Ethical Conduct Ethical Dilemmas Decision Biases Obedience to authority Social proof False consensus effect Over-optimism Self-serving bias Framing Process Cognitive dissonance Sunk costs Loss aversion Tangible, abstract, time-delay traps Truth vs loyalty Individual vs community Short term vs long term Justice vs mercy Rationalizations Expected or standard practice Materiality Locus of responsibility Locus of loyalty Gentile 10 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
What is Applied Ethics? Applied ethics, or practical ethics, is application of ethics to real-world problems; attempts to answer how people should act in specific situations. More specific than normative ethics, a branch of philosophy that develops moral theories about how people should behave Different from metaethics, a branch of philosophy that asks questions about nature of ethics such as what is morality? People don t need to agree on a moral theory. Instead, they can agree to solutions to ethical dilemmas by reviewing the facts and related harms of a specific situation. ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu 11 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
What is Bioethics? Study of ethical issues in biology and medicine; moral discernment in medical policy and practice; ethical questions in relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy Autonomy: Respect for persons, free-will or agency Beneficence: Do good Nonmaleficence: Do no harm Justice: Fair distribution of benefits and burdens 12 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Applying Ethics 13 09/06/18 HPGS Conference 2018 Dementia Track
Ethical Decision Making: Ethics Codes Set of principles and rules to choose between right and wrong All levels of society for organizational, professional, individual behaviors Many codified and enforced, others depend on individual perceptions Organizational Codes Assist workers in determining if behaviors are appropriate and acceptable Review and appeal procedures to guard against malicious or self-serving Professional Codes Assist professionals in determining if behaviors are appropriate Assure members of regulated professions act socially and professionally Personal Codes Unwritten rules from religion, culture, upbringing, environment Society assumes certain behaviors despite religion, geography, nationality Certain codes apply only to members of select groups yourdictionary.com 14 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethical Decision Making: Problem or Polarity? Problem Something that can have right or best answer; some solution exists Polarity Dilemma is ongoing, unsolvable, contains seemingly opposing ideas Pair of interdependent opposites if focus on one and neglect or exclude other, at some point dip into negative unintended consequences Think of it like breathing . it isn t a choice between inhaling or exhaling. Polarity Map Johnson 1992; Leading Effectively 15 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethical Decision Making: Principles Framework Recognize an Ethical Issue Could this decision or situation be damaging to someone or to some group? Does this decision involve a choice between good and bad, or two "goods," or two "bads"? Get the Facts What are the relevant facts? What facts are not known? Can I learn more? Do I know enough to make a decision? What individuals and groups have an important stake in the outcome? Are some concerns more important? Why? What are options for acting? Have all relevant persons and groups been consulted? Have I identified creative options? Evaluate Alternative Actions Which option will produce most good and do least harm? (Utilitarian) Which option best respects rights of all who have a stake? (Rights) Which option treats people equally or proportionately? (Justice) Which option leads me to act as sort of person I want to be? (Virtue) Which option best serves whole community, not just some members? (Common Good) Which option follows established procedures and standards? (Duty) Make a Decision and Test It Considering all approaches, which option best addresses situation? If I told someone I respect-or told a television audience-which option I have chosen, what would they say? Act and Reflect on the Outcome How can my decision be implemented with greatest care and attention to concerns of all stakeholders? How did my decision turn out and what have I learned from this specific situation? Markkula 16 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethical Decision Making: Code Framework State ethical dilemma Identify components of potential dilemma Identify facts of situation Connect ethical theory to dilemma Key ethical principles Key ethical approaches Apply professional code to dilemma Select best alternative and justify decision Develop strategies to successfully implement decision Evaluate outcomes and prevent similar occurrences Markuula 17 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethical Decision Making: Mission Framework 6. Weigh options against values Identify options and weigh against organizational mission and values 7. Propose alternatives Explore alternative courses of action Missed anything? Questions remain? 8. Make decision State decision clearly, and any other relevant background information 9. Implement, communicate, contingencies 10.Review and revisit Is review required? By when? By whom? Any additional key learning identified? 1. Determine need Decision to be made, background, context Is mission discernment process required? 2. Define issue(s) What is issue or issues before the group? 3. Acknowledge reactions/intuitions Strong reactions, positive or negative? Identified conflicts of interest to manage? 4. Clarify facts What are key facts? What do we know? Still need to learn? Rumor or perception? 5. Identify stakeholders Who consult? Who are stakeholders? Significant information from stakeholders? Who is ultimately accountable? Covenant Health 18 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethical Decision Making: Values Framework What is the decision? State decision or recommendation in direct, simple language. Be clear and honest. Provide background information to ensure understanding. Whose decision is this? Be clear about who owns decision or recommendation. Who made decision? Solely you? Who else? Is their support unanimous? Why was this decision made? Describe value(s) that guided decision or recommendation. State most important organizational, professional, and personal values. Be clear about why these top values were picked. What don t you like about this decision? Address negative consequences of decision or recommendation. Who will bear burden or be negatively affected by decision? What did you struggle with in reaching decision? What tradeoffs were made? What values were not given priority in decision? Why? CDC SMDP 19 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Giving Voice To Values Learning about how to act on your values effectively not about wondering whether you could. Values: Know and appeal to a short list of widely shared values. Don t assume too little (or too much) commonality with the viewpoints of others. Choice: Believe that you have a choice about voicing your values and know what has helped and hindered you in the past so you can work around these factors. Normalization: Expect values conflicts so that you approach them calmly and competently. Over-reaction can limit your choices unnecessarily. Purpose: Define your personal and professional purpose explicitly and broadly before conflicts arise, and appeal to this sense of purpose in others. Self-Knowledge & Alignment: Voice and act on your values in a way that is consistent with who you are and builds on your strengths. Voice: You are more likely to say words that you ve pre-scripted for yourself, and more likely to voice your values, with scripting and practice. Reasons & Rationalizations: Anticipate typical reasons and rationalizations given for ethically questionable behavior, to identify and prepare well-reasoned responses. 20 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Teaching Resources 21 09/06/18 HPGS Conference 2018 Dementia Track
UHWO Ethics Focus Hallmarks E1. Contemporary ethical issues will be presented and studied in a manner that is fully integrated into the main course content. E2. The disciplinary approach(es) used in the class will give students tools for the development of responsible deliberation and ethical judgment. E3. Students will achieve basic competency in analyzing and deliberating upon contemporary ethical issues to help them make ethically determined judgments. E4. The equivalent of one semester credit hour or 30% of a 3- credit course will be devoted to contemporary ethical issues. E5. A minimum of 8 hours of class time will be spent in discussing contemporary ethical issues. 22 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Curricular Design & Assessment in Professional Ethics Education While the learning goals in a specific [professional] ethics course will depend on a variety of factors (audience, time, etc.), there is some core knowledge that students should acquire . While such core knowledge is an important component of ethics education, the top priority must be to teach students to use that knowledge when they find themselves in situations where ethical conduct is called for . Davis & Keefer 23 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Curricular Design & Assessment in Professional Ethics Education Suggest four learning objectives: Raise student sensitivity to ethical problems they may face in professional practice Provide them with information to help them resolve those problems: ethical standards, history of profession, structure of organizations in which profession works Improve ethical judgment: increase likelihood that students will develop a good plan of action in response to ethical problem Increase ethical commitment: increase likelihood that students will carry out a good plan once developed Davis & Keefer 24 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Laulima Ethics Teaching Resources WOA Gen Ed Comm Resources / GenEd Proposal Hallmarks, Explanatory Notes & Samples / ETH, HAP & OC Sample Hallmarks & Syllabi (May 2019) / ETH Ethics Teaching Resources https://laulima.hawaii.edu/portal/site/8ed70bd1-d9a6-4c09-94a8- 29ba6b23fc2a/tool/f3d6881d-e8c0-4a02-825a-d72371924622?panel=Main# 25 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Online Learning Module Professional Ethics, Personal Values & Decision Making This training was created for people working in any discipline wanting to learn more about ethics. Developed by Linda Axtell-Thompson, DBE, MBA, in collaboration with the Western Region Public Health Training Center. https://moodle.publichealth.arizona.edu/enrol/index.php?id=478 26 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Journal Articles Begley, P. T., & Stefkovich, J. (2007). Integrating values and ethics into post secondary teaching for leadership development: Principles, concepts, and strategies.Journal of Educational Administration, 45(4), 398-412. https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.westoahu.hawaii.edu/docview/220441412?pq- origsite=primo Keefer M. W. & Davis M. (2012). Curricular Design and Assessment In Professional Ethics Education: Some Practical Advice. Teaching Ethics 13(1):81-90. https://doi.org/10.5840/tej201213132 (paywall; article in Laulima GenEd Ethics folder) Smith, K. C. (2014). Ethics Is Not Rocket Science: How to Have Ethical Discussions in Your Science Class.Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, Vol. 15, No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v15i2.784 Wines, W.A. (2008). Seven Pillars of Business Ethics: Toward a Comprehensive Framework. Journal of Business Ethics 79, 483 499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9411-7 27 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Engage individuals and organizations in making choices that respect and care for others. Help people see, understand, and work through ethical problems. Created a framework for ethical decision making. https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ Ethics Curricula Ethics Links Ethics Podcasts Ethics Spotlight Ethics Videos Ethics App A Framework for Ethical Decision Making Ethical Decision Making Ethics Articles Ethics Blogs Ethics Cases 28 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethics Unwrapped, Giving Voice to Values Ethics Unwrapped, University of Texas at Austin Free ethics educational video series combines the latest ethics research with top experts and creative zing to make learning easy, memorable, and fun. 150 videos and related teaching tools. http://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu Giving Voice to Values (in Ethics Unwrapped) Describes how to align our professional lives with our principles, and stand up for our values under pressure. Short videos introduce the GVV theory and its seven principles. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/series/giving-voice-to-values 29 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, Illinois Institute of Technology https://www.iit.edu/center-ethics (some link problems ) Train-the-Trainer Materials https://ethics-t.iit.edu/eelibrary/taxonomy/term/3834 Ethics Across the Curriculum https://ethics.iit.edu/teaching/ethics-across-curriculum Ethics Codes Collection http://ethicscodescollection.org/search 30 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethics Centre Not-for-profit organization developing and delivering innovative programs, services and experiences, designed to bring ethics to the centre of personal and professional life. www.ethics.org.au What is Ethics? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u399XmkjeXo Ethical Decision Making https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0uwTBrgqxI Purpose, Values, Principles - An Ethics Framework https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLvWMoFUboo Moral Intuition & Ethical Judgement https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbuI3U2Wx0o How to Have Moral Courage & Moral Imagination? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW69KdnmRmY What is the Difference Between Ethics, Morality and the Law? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xki2fRA0bY8&t=3s 31 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Ethical By Design: Principles for Good Technology (in Ethics Centre) Learn the principles to consider when designing ethical technology, how to balance the intentions of design and use, and the rules of thumb to prevent ethical missteps. https://ethics.org.au/ethical-by-design/ https://ethics.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/The-Ethics- Centre_PRINCIPLES-FOR-GOOD-TECHNOLOGY-29JAN.pdf 32 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Association for Practical & Professional Ethics Dedicated to advancing scholarship, education, and practice in practical and professional ethics. fosters moral reasoning skill development, works to promote ethical conduct in all sectors of our daily lives, nurtures the next generation of ethical leaders, and seeks to advance civil public discourse on diverse ethical issues. Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl Research Integrity Scholars and Educators Ethics Center Directors Consortium Annual International Conference Summer APPE Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl Workshop Affinity Groups: bioethics, business, education, law/government/ military, social/societal, STEM Listserv of nearly 2,000 colleagues interested in ethics Support for early career faculty and researchers Teaching Ethics: access to current and archived journal issues https://www.appe-ethics.org/ 33 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum Publishes a journal, sponsors conferences and provides resources for teachers who want to integrate ethics into their curricula. https://www.seac-online.org/ Teaching Ethics Journal https://www.seac-online.org/teaching-ethics/ (paywall) How to Use Videos to Promote Ethical Discussions https://www.seac-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Class-Videos-and- Discussions-SEAC.pdf TED Talk Ethics Videos https://www.ted.com/playlists ; https://www.ted.com/search?q=ethics BBC Radio - Ethics Videos https://www.youtube.com/@bbcradio4/search?query=ethics Video Case Studies in Business Ethics and Ethics https://eportfolio.pace.edu/view/view.php?id=111966 34 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Mahalo! 35 09/06/18 HPGS Conference 2018 Dementia Track
References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sustainable Management Development Program, Values Based Decision Making: Making Good Decisions That Last, library.tephinet.org/system/files/vbdmparticipantguide.doc Covenant Health, Mission Discernment Tool, https://www.covenanthealth.ca/living-our- mission/mission/mission-discernment Gentile M. C., Giving Voice to Values: How to Speak Your Mind When You Know What s Right, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2010 Johnson, B., Polarity Management: Identifying and Managing Unsolvable Problems, HRD Press: Amherst MA, 1992 Keefer M. W. & Davis M. (2012). Curricular Design and Assessment In Professional Ethics Education: Some Practical Advice. Teaching Ethics 13(1):81-90. Leading Effectively, www.ccl.org/leadership/enewsletter/2015/MAYare.aspx Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, A Framework for Ethical Decision Making, https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ Petrick, J. A., & Quinn, J. F., Management Ethics: Integrity at Work, Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks CA, 1997 Rhode, D. L., & Packel, A. K. (2009). Ethics and Nonprofits, Stanford Social Innovation Review (Summer 2009): 28 35. 16 Weston A., A Practical Companion to Ethics, 4th edition, Oxford University Press: New York, Oxford, 2011 36 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
Biography Linda Axtell-Thompson, DBE, MBA, is on the Health Care Administration faculty at University of Hawaii West Oahu. She has also served as adjunct faculty in healthcare and nonprofit administration at Chaminade University of Honolulu, and ethics in aging at University of Hawaii at Manoa, and as Principal of Axtell Consulting LLC, which offers consulting and training services in ethics and strategy. She holds a Doctor of Bioethics degree (organizational ethics emphasis) from Loyola University Chicago, along with MA in Bioethics from Medical College of Wisconsin, MBA (nonprofit management emphasis) from Yale School of Management, and BA in Philosophy from University of Hawaii at Manoa. She has 30+ years professional experience in nonprofit management, including 25+ years in health care. Her particular areas of interest include ethical issues of aging, dementia, and end-of-life care, and the intersect of professional ethics and personal values. She grew up and currently lives in Windward Oahu, with one husband, one daughter, two dogs, and three cats. Please contact: laxtell@hawaii.edu or 808-226-6865. 37 05-23 UHWO Ethics Teaching Resources
