Evolution of Engineer Training Methods in France
Explore the historical evolution of training methods for engineers in France from the 18th to the 21st century, covering the establishment of Grandes Écoles, the impact of the French Revolution on education, the development of specialized schools for industrial engineering, and the formation of professional engineering associations. Witness the transformation of engineering education in France over the centuries.
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Presentation Transcript
Becoming an Engineer: the evolution of training methods for Engineers in France, 18th-21th century ANDR GRELON DIRECTEUR D TUDES L ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES, PARIS
The 18th century : the first Grandes coles for the State (I) Three military schools are created 1720 : Artillery school 1748: Military Engineering School 1765 : Royal School of Ship-building engineers
The 18th century : the first Grandes coles for the State (2) Two civilian schools : 1747, School of Bridges and Roads (Paris) 1783, Mining school (Paris)
The French Revolution 1793, all universities are abolished. During the whole century, France will not have universities 1794: a new institution was created: the Polytechnic School which was to provide general scientific education for all future state engineers. The old engineering schools are maintained as application schools of the Ecole Polytechnique. 1794 : Conservatory of Arts and Crafts for giving free science and technology courses to various trade professionals. Higher education is reconstituted into professional and academic faculties
The first third of the 19th century Industrial development increased the need for specialists 1829 : The Central School of Arts and Manufactures is opened in Paris a private establishment dedicated to industrial science to be developed in the industrial world it s aim is to train civil engineers, factory managers, educated capitalists, as well as teachers the School awards a diploma in civil engineering of arts and manufacturing : the first diploma of engineering in France
The Association of Civil Engineers of France (1848) Includes graduates of the Ecole centrale as well as self-taught people Engineers now identify themselves as a professional group In Europe, other countries are equipping themselves with institutions of the same type.
1896 : The renewal of the universities The IIId Republic establishes 16 universities spread across all regions of France that group various faculties Science faculties open engineering schools specializing in different disciplines (electricity, chemistry, mechanics, and so on)
The economic crisis of the early 1930s Engineering associations and unions are demanding protection for their profession In 1934, a law established the protection of the title of graduate engineer. Only authorized training establishments will be able to issue this title. As for the non-graduates, this law provides for the possibility of taking an exam to obtain the title of state-certified engineer This law is still existing under the supervision of the Ministry of Higher Eduction
Les Trente Glorieuses : 1945-1975 The industrialization of the nuclear energy : the first atomic power plant (1957) The automobile and aeronautic industres are growing The full employment economy increases the standards of living The development of production stimulates the hosehold material equipment (washing machines, refrigerators, TV, etc.) New engineering schools are created to meet the needs in all industrial sectors
. Consideration for engineers differentiated by gender Companies always need more engineers. To recruit and retain them, they offer them fairly generous salaries. There are, however, significant differences by gender: it is much better to be a man to earn a good salary. Official speeches emphasize the need to promote the feminization of the profession. But persistent gender stereotypes continue to devalue women's capabilities. As a result, the percentage of female engineers remains low. While employers claim that it is imperative to train 15% more engineers, they are depriving themselves of a large recruitment pool.
The twenty-first century: new challenges for engineering education . To meet the profound technological and societal changes, the engineering courses are diversifying. French engineering schools strive to prepare the engineers of tomorrow to meet the complex challenges of this new century. Future engineers will have to rethink their role in this new era of the Anthropocene
A few words to finish Engineers and the French public The complex world of the professional engineering group Universities versus Grandes Ecoles There are still engineers without a diploma!
