Explore Cell Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Guide
Delve into the world of cell biology with in-depth information on cell types, components, organelles, and organic molecules. Learn about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the role of the cell nucleus, and the importance of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in cellular processes.
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Presentation Transcript
Definitionof Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capableof performing life functions.
Cell types Cell components: Membrane boundary Cytoplasm contains organelles Nucleus contains DNA Cells types: 1. Prokaryotic cells: bacteria Do not have a nucleus, however, have DNA 2. Eukaryotic cells: Animal cells Plant cells
Two Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells: They have no nucleus. Have circular DNA. -bacteria.
Two Types of Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells: -Have a nucleus -Have membrane-covered organelles. -Have linear DNA.
Eukaryotic cell Components: 1. Plasma Membrane - And a Cell wall in plants, yeast 2. Nucleus 3. Cytoplasm Organelles: Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Cytoskeleton Vacuoles (plants) Chloroplast (plants)
Cells Nucleus -storesthe geneticmaterial of the cell in the formof multiple chromosomes. -surroundedby a nuclearenvelope composed of 2 phospholipidbilayers. -in chromosomes DNA is organizedwith proteinsto formchromatin. 8
Organic molecules of Cells Proteins. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Nucleic acids.
Proteins diverse and complex macromolecules in the cell Used for structure, function, and information Made of linearly arranged amino acid residues.
Lipids Hydrophobic molecules. Energy storage, membrane components, signal molecules EX: Triglycerides (fat), phospholipids, waxes, sterols. Carbohydrates Sugars Energy storage (glycogen, starch), Structural polymers (cellulose and chitin) Major substrates of energy metabolism
Nucleic Acids DNA encode information for the synthesis proteins Building blocks of life and RNA: genetic of all
Cell Structure All Cells have: a plasma membrane. genetic material in the formof DNA. cytoplasm with ribosomes.
Cell Parts Organelles
1. Plasma Membrane All membranes are phospholipidbilayers with embedded proteins. The outerplasma membrane isolates cell contents. controls what gets in and out of the cell receives signals.
Plasma membrane Components: Lipids Double layer of phospholipids and cholesterol & other lipids Proteins Carbohydrates
Figure 3.8 plasma membrane The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. There are other components, such as cholesterol and carbohydrates, which can be found in the membrane in addition to phospholipids and protein.
Plasma membrane functions It is a boundary of the cell with many functions: Selective permeability allow some substances in and out of the cell Immunity distinguish between self and non-self .
Membrane transport Membrane transport types: Passive Doesn t use energy Molecules are moving from high concentration to low Active Requires energy Molecules are moving from low concentration to high Done with the help of proteins called pumps
Passive transport Types of passive transport: Diffusion Osmosis or Diffusion of water Facilitated diffusion. Solution = solvent + solutes
Active transport Moving molecules Against their concentration gradient; can be done only using energy (ATP). Proteins in the membrane called pumps can use ATP to push chemicals from low concentration to high concentration. Example: NA/K-pump
CellWall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells
Cells Structuresin all cells Nucleus Ribosomes Endomembrane System Endoplasmic reticulum smoothand rough Golgi apparatus Vesicles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm Gel-likemixture Surroundedby cell membrane
Nucleus Directs cell activities. Separatedfrom the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. Containsgenetic material DNA.
The Nucleus DNA Nucleolus Nuclear Membrane
Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus
Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins
Nucleus Structure Nuclearenvelope TwoPhospholipid bilayers with protein-linedpores.
Nucleus DNA is arrangedin chromosomes Chromosome fiber of DNA with proteins attached Chromatin all of the cell sDNA and the associatedproteins
EndoplasmicReticulum Moves materials around in the cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes. Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in the surface.
Ribosomes Make proteins.
GolgiBodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell
Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to the cell membrane for removal. Cells break down if the lysosome structure is disrupted.
Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal. Contains water solution. Help plants to maintain shape.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) There are2 types of ER: Rough ER has ribosomes attached Smooth ER no ribosomes attached
EndoplasmicReticulum FunctionRER Proteins are modified as they movethrough the RER Once modified, the proteins are packaged in transport vesicles for transport to the Golgi body
Smooth ER (SER) Tubular membrane structure Continuous with RER No ribosomes attached FunctionSER Lipids are made inside the SER fattyacids,phospholipids,sterols.. Lipids are packaged in transport vesicles and sent to the Golgi
EndomembraneSystem Rough endoplasmicreticulum(RER) -membranesthat create a networkof channelsthroughoutthe cytoplasm -attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a roughappearance -synthesisof proteinsto be secreted, sentto lysosomes or plasma membrane 39
Golgi apparatus -flattened stacksof interconnected membranes -packagingand distributionof materials to differentpartsof the cell -synthesisof cell wallcomponents 40
Lysosomes -membrane boundvesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules -destroycells or foreign matter thatthe cell hasengulfed by phagocytosis 41
Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus FunctionGolgi apparatus. Completes the processing of substances received from the ER. Sorts, and packages of fully processed proteins and lipids in vesicles.
Mitochondria Structure: ~1-5 microns Two membranes Outer membrane Inner membrane - Highly folded Intermembrane space Matrix DNAand ribosomes in matrix
Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Mitochondria Mitochondria -presentin all types of eukaryotic cells. -contain oxidativemetabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromoleculesto ATP. -found in all types of eukaryoticcells. 46
Endo and Exocytosis Exocytosis - membrane vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, and releases enclosed material to extracellular space. Endocytosis - cell membrane invaginates, pinches in, creates vesicle enclosing contents
Exocytosis - In exocytosis, a vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane, binds, and releases its contents to the outside of the cell. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)
