Exploring Indigenous Navigators and Collective Rights

cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+ !^( df ePsf clwsf/ / sfof{Gjog cflbjf;L lbj;sf] cj;/fdf /fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u f/f cfof]lht sfo{qmd, @)&$ ;fpg @& ut] xl/x/ ejg k'Nrf]s clwjQmfM z+s/ lnDa" g]kfnsf cflbjf;Lx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL

dxf;lGw kfl/t x'Fbfsf] k[i7e"ld dxf;lGw lgdf{0fsf a}7sx?df cflbjf;L sd ;xeflu ul/Psf] / 5nkmndf cToGt sd s'/f /fVg ;do kfPsf sltko 5nkmndf jfs cfp6 u/]sf] . ljnog -Assimilation_ xf]Og k[ys cl:tTj -Existence_ :jLsf/ ul/Psf], hg;+Vof -populations_ xf]Og hgtf -Peoples_ egL dfGotf - Recognition_ ul/Psf], ;fd"bflos clwsf/sf] dfGotf, cflbjf;LnfO{ /fi6 /fHox?sf] ;Ldf aGb]h nfu" x'Fb}g dtbfg x'Fbf kIfdf #@* ljkIfdf ! / df}g a:g] $( /fHo

dxf;lGw cg'df]bgsf] k[i7e"ld cflbjf;L violence_ alxis/0f, lje]b, klxrfgnfO{ ;d:of dfGg] gLlt tyf Jojxf/ / To;af6 d'QmL kfpg] -Emancipation_ / ;dfg x}l;ot, k|lti7f / clwsf/ Equal status, Dignity and rights _sfnflu cflbjf;L cfGbf]ng, bzaz]{ Gb / GbnfO{ a}7fg ug]{ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf /fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cg'df]bgdf e"ldsf tfTsflng k|wfgdGqLsf] k|lta4tf, ;+;bsf] ;+sNk k|:tfj / ;j{;Ddt\n] cg'df]bg (Structural hghfltx?sf] ;+/rgfut lx+;f

Indigenous Navigators

k[ys klxrfgjfnf hgtfsf] dfGotfsf] clwsf/ kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf dxf;lGw g+ !^( / 3f]if0ffkq UNDRIP_ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts ;+:yfn] k[ys klxrfg ;lxtsf] hgtf wf/f !-v_ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg / k|yf k/Dk/fsf] ;/sf/n] ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ -wf/f -@_-v_ cflbjf;L hghfltsf] klxrfg ;lxt ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ === lg0f{odf ;xefuL u/fpg] === k/Dk/fut 1fg== ;fdlhs k/Dk/f === ;Da4{g ug]{ -wf/f %! ~f *_ cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg k|lti7fg P]g sf] Joj:yf kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"rL x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]5 -bkmf @%_ lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsfnflu egL @)&$ ! !! df %% j6f cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ cNk;+Vosdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] . cgulGt cflbjf;Lx?sf] ljsf;sf] gfddf ;Dkbf, ;+:s[lt / klxrfg df:g] sfo{ tLa|?kdf al9 /x]sf] . 3f]if0ffkq cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ :jtGq, zflGt / ;'/lIft ?kdf afFRgkfpg] ;fd'bflos clwsf/ -collective rights_ x'g]5 wf/f -&_ -@_ . cflbjf;L tyf JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ ha/h:tL ljnog ug'{ / ;+:s[lt ljgf; ug{ ldNb}g -wf/f *_ . cf:yf / wfld{s :ynx?df cltqmd0f al9/x]sf] . :yfgLo lgsfosf] gfdf+sg ug]{ gfddf P]ltxfl;s yftynf]sf] klxrfg d]6fpg] sfd ePsf]

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, :jfoQtf, :jzf;g / clu|d ;';"lrt :jtGq d~h"/Lsf] clwsf/ dxf;lGw g+ !^( / 3f]if0ffkq kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g 3f]if0ffkq -UNDRIP_ cflbjf;Lx?sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ x'G5 -wf/f #_ . :jfoQtf tyf cfGtl/s / :yfgLo dfldnf ljifodf :jzf;gsf] clwsf/ -wf/f $_ :jfoQtf / :jzf;gsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ - k|:tfjgf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg_ ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ;+/If0f jf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if, ;+/lIft jf :jfoQ If]q sfod ug{ ;lsg]5 - wf/f %^=%_ . :jfoQ / ljz]if If]qsf] /fhgLlts clwsf/ z'Go . cfof]un] of] agfpb} gagfPsf] . :yfgLo lgsfo agfpbf h]l/Dof08l/ u/L cflbjf;L hghfltsf] Sni6/ km'6fPsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ubf{ d'2f b/kL7 / ;b/ ul/Psf] . :yfgLo tx k'g;+/rgf k|fljlws ;xof]u ;ldltsf] sfo{zt{ tyf sfol{\jlw,

;xeflutf, k|ltlglwTj, k/fdz{ kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf dxf;lGw g+ !^( / 3f]if0ffkq k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g gLltut / sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ ;j}txsf lg0f{o ug]{ lgjf{lrt tyf k|zf;lgs lgsfox?df :jtGq k"a{s ;xeflutfsf] ;+oGq - Means_sf] Joj:yf -wf/f ^=!=v_ ;dflhs Gofosf] xsM ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cg';f/ /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutf :yfgLo lgsfodf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftsf] pkl:ylt eGg] k|f/lDes ;"rgf 5 . cfof] cGo If]qdf cToGt Go"g ;xeflutf ;/sf/L ;]jfx?df ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cg';f/ sf]6f 5' ofpg] h:df $% k|ltztnfO{ zt k|ltzt dfgL @& k|ltzt cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ 5' ofpg] Joj:yf . sfg"g agfpg] jf lg0f{o ug]{ :yfgdf k/fdz{ k|lqmof / ;+oGq 5}g . ljBflosL -sfg"g agfpg] jf kl/dfh{g ug]{ _/ k|zf;lgs pkfo cjn+ag ubf{ k|ltlgwLd"ns ug]{

wf]if0ffkq -UNDRIP_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z / dfgj clwsf/ lgsfosf] l;kmfl/; kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf c;/ kfg]{ lg0f{ox?df cfkm'x?n]dfq, cfkm\gf] cfkm\g} k|lqmof f/f 5fg]sf k|ltlglwx? f/f ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ cflbjf;Lx?sf] 5 -wf/f !*_. ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f qmddf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dxf;lGw g+ !^( nufotsf cGt/fli6 o sfg"g cg'?k cflbjf;Lx?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf u/fpg' eGg] cfb]z . cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] ljif]z ;dfwLIfs tyf ;8{ - CERD_ sld6Ln] 3f]if0ffkq tyf ;8{sf] wf/f %-u_ cg';f/ cflbjf;Lsf] k|ltlglw u/fpg' eg]sf] . ;jf]{Rrsf] cfb]z / cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] ljif]z ;dfwLIfs tyf ;8{ -CERD_ sld6Lsf] l;kmfl/; nfu" ePg . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] @^ j6f ;L6 -gful/s ;dfh / lgjf{rgaf6 cfpg g;s]sf cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ lbg' kg]{ t/ /fhgLlts kf6L{n] x:tIf]k u/] . ;+ljwfg n]Vbf cy{k"0f{ k/fdz{ g} ul/Pg kl/0ffdf clbjf;Lsf] ;Gbe{df !! j6f wf/f lj?4df, @# j6f wf/f lje]bsf/L, $( j6f wf/fn] alxis/0f ug]{ k|sf/sf 5g\ . clxn] klg clwj]zg lk5] sfg"g agfOb}5 t/ cflbjf;LnfO{ cy{k"0f{ k/dz{ ul/Psf] 5}g . cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] lg0f{o ug]{ ;+:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/ 5 - P]_

clu|d ;';"lrt :jtGq d~h"/L kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf dxf;lGw g+ !^( / 3f]if0ffkq_ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ c;/ kfg]{ sfg"g agfpg jf k|zf;lgs pkfo ckgfpg / nfu" ug{ cufj} pgLx?sf] clu|d ;';"lrt d~h"/L lng OdfGbf/Ltf;fy pgLx?sf] cfkm\g} k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfdfkm{t k/fdz{ / ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ - wf/f !(_ of] Joj:yf g/x]sf] cToflws pNn+3g ePsf] clwsf/

e"ld tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf clwsf/ kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf dxf;lGw g+ !^( / 3f]if0ffkq k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g cflbjf;Lx?n] ef]u u/]sf jf k|of]u u/]sf e"ld - k'Vof}{nL _ ;+u pgLx?sf] ;F:s[lts / cfWoflTds ljz]if ;DaGwnfO{ ;/sf/n] ;Ddfg ug]{ -wf/f !#_ cflbjf;Lx?sf] k/Dk/fb]lv rrL{ cfPsf e"ldnfO{ dfGotf lbg] . k/Dk/fb]lv g} 3'dGt] tl/sfn] lhljsf]kfh{g u/L cfPsfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] . -wf/f ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @%, wf/f #& e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! hUuf k|fKtL P]g, @)#$ ;fj{hflgs ;8s P]g @)#! gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf7df8f} pkTosf k|flws/0f P]g, @)$% crn hnljB't P]g, @)$( nufot hUuf k|flKt tyf k'g{jf; gLlt @)&! sfg"gdf ePsf Joj:yfx? klg hgtfsf] kIfdf rfx] Tof] cflbjf;L hghflt xf]; jf :yfgLo ;d"bfo k|of]u ug]{ gul/Psf] . Eminent Domain |k|of]u ubf{ Permanent Sovereignty of Peoples over land territories and resources sf] l;4fGt ljNs'n gh/ cGbfh ul/Psf] ha/h:tL 3/ ;DklQaf6

dxf;lGw / wf]if0ffkq - UNDRIP_ k|rlnt sfg"g kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ckafbsf]?kdfdfq k'g{af; ug{ kfOg] To;df klg :jtGq / ;';"lrt ;xdlt ljgf ug{ gkfO{g] . cfkm\gf] e"lddf kms{g kfpg] . olb gkfPdf ;Demf}tf eP ;f] cg'?k jf geP ToxL x}l;otsf] tyf at{dfg cfjZostf / eljZosf] ljsf; cg's'n hldgsf] abnf hldg lbg] . pgLx?n] k}zf jf cGo s'/f lnG5f} eg] ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g] wf/f !^_ . 3f]if0ffkq k/Dk/fut?kn] ef]uL,rrL{, pkof]u / k|fKt u/]sf e"ld, e"efu / ;|f]tx?df cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/ /xG5 wf/f @^ _ ;/sf/n] To;tf e"ld, e"efu / ;|f]tsf] dfGotf lbg] / ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 -wf/f @^ -#_

ljsf; ;DaGwLsf] clwsf/ kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf dxf;lGw g+ !^( / 3f]if0ffkq k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g 3f]if0ffkq cfflbjf;LnfO{ ljsf;sf] clwsf/ cGt/ut s:tf] ljsf; egL to ug]{ k|fyldstf, /0fgLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . ljsf; sfo{df ;s];dd pgLx?s} ;+3;+:yfaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] 5 . ljsf; ;DaGwL ;+ljwfgsf] gLlt ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf :yfgLo hg;xeflutf clea[l4 ug]{ -wf/f %!=r=# _ . rf}wf}+ cfjlws of]hgf nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghflt / cGo ;d'bfox Pj+ ju{x aLr /x]sf] cfly{s tyf z}lIfs cGt/ sd ug'{, cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;fwg ;|f]t tyf ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;dtfd"ns Pjd\ Gofof]lrt kxF'r a9fpg', efiff ;+:s[lt tyf hfltsf cfwf/df x'g] e]befjnfO{ x6fpg', /fHosf ljleGg ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] logLx sf] ;Ll6le6Lsf] tflnddf 5' ofOPsf] nf]kf]Gd"v / clt;LdfGts[tsf] sf]6f x6fOPsf] . :yfgLo :t/df !% k|ltztsf] ah]6 5' fpg] Joj:yf gof P]gdf vf/]h cflbjf;Lsf] 5' } ;xeflutsf] Joj:yf x6fOPsf] x:tIf]ksf/L ljsf; oqtq ul/Psf] . k|zf;lgsnufot

k|yfhlgt sfg"g / Gofo k|zf;g kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf dxf;lGw g+ !^( / 3f]if0ffkq k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] k|yf, k|yfhlgt sfg"g / k/Dk/fut ;+:yfnfO{ sfod ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . t/ /fli6 o sfg"gsf df}lns xs / dfgj clwsf/ ljkl/t x'g'x'Gg -wf/f *_ . cflbjf;Lx?sf] k|yfhlgt sfg"gn] ;dflhs ;DaGw ;+t'ngnfO{ ;+/lIft ug]{ nIo /fVb5 . of] dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf ;fd'lxs k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . h:df JolQmut?Kfdf k|yfhlgt sfg"g uNtL ug]{x?n] kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk'lt{ lbO{ ;dfhdf k'g{:yfkgf ug}{ efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xs ;+ljwfg wf/f #@ d]nldnfk ;DaGwL P]g @)^* sf] bkmf ## ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljjfb ;dwfg yf? cflbjf;Lsf] a83/, endG;f, dx6+jf, ysfnL cflbjf;Lsf] !# d'lvof, ;Gyfn cflbjf;Lsf] demLx8d, lnDa'sf] kfg t'Dof cflb cem} df}lns ;d'bout Gofo k|zf;g -Sui genieric indigneous justice administration _ sfo{/t t/ k|i6 sfg"gn] dfGotf glbPsf]

casf] af6f] :jtM sfof{Gjogx'g] k|fjwfg sfo{Gjog ug]{ sfo{of]hgf kfl/t ug]{ ljBdfg P]g sfg"g kl/dfh{g ug]{ k|lqmofdf cy{k"0f{ k/fdz{sf] dfWodaf6 clu|d ;';"lrt d~h"/L lng] dxf;lGWf / 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|fjwfg b]lvg] u/L ljw]osx?df /fVg] /fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] cflbjf;L g]leu]6/sf] cfwf/df jf cfkm\g} g]leu]6/ agfP/ cflbaf;Lsf] clwsf/ cg'udg u/] /fd|f] . cflbjf;L cfof]u / dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfo{If]q cWoog u/L ;dGjodf sfd ug]{ .