Factors Influencing Ecosystems
Explore the various factors that impact ecosystems, including climatic, topographic, edaphic, biotic, solar radiation, temperature, and more. Learn about the interplay of these elements in shaping natural environments. Discover the key components that contribute to the biodiversity and sustainability of ecosystems.
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Oku o/kZu 1 Oku o`f)
LFkkuh; dkjd (LOCALITY FACTORS) egRo 1- tyok;q dkjd ouLifr foHkktu dk vk/kkjA 2- ewY;oku iztkfr ds iqu#Riknu esa ck/kk igq pkus okys izfrdwy LFkku dkjd dk irk yx tkrk gS] vkSj mldks nwj djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k lky dk iqu#RiknuA 3- lhfer dkjdksa (Limited factors) dk irk ftudh deh ou dh o`f) esa ck/kkA mnkgj.k vknZzrk dh deh & ou ds iqu#Riknu vkSj fodkl ij cqjk izHkko & flapkbZAvFkok o"kkZ ds ty dk iwjk YkkHk mBkus ds fy, e`nk dh rS;kjhA iyokj ;k eYp(mulch)
LFkku dkjdksa dk oxhZdj.k LFkku dkjdksa dk oxhZdj.k 1- tyok;q dkjd (climatic factor) 2- ry#i dkjd (topographic factor) 3- HkkSfed lfgr e`nk dkjd (edaphic factor including geology) 4- tSo dkjd (biotic factor) 1- tyok;q dkjd ouksaa ds iqu#Riknu rFkk fodkl ds fy, rki] ty] ok;q vkSj izdk k vko ;d A tyok;q dkjd dk v/;;u rkieku] izdk k] ok;q vkSj vknZzrk mi& kh"kZdksa esa izFke nks vFkkZr rkieku vkSj izdk k] lkSj fofdj.k ls izkIrA
tyok;q dkjd LkkSj fofdj.k (Solar radiation) lw;Z ls vkus okyh tkZ vFkkZr fodj.k dk 42% Hkkx ijkofrZr gks tkrk gS vkSj bls ,YohMks (Alvido) dgrs gSA 'ks"k gh gekjh i`Foh dks rki vkSj izdk k nsrk gSA rkieku (Temperature) fHkUu LFkkuksa esa rki&eku fHkUUk & dkj.k v{kka k (Latitude) rqaxrk ;k leqnzry ls pkbZ (Altitude) leqnzry ls nwjh ok;q dh fn kk ioZr rFkk muds <+kyksa dh fn kk cknyksa dh mifLFkfr
tyok;q dkjd & rkieku rkieku dk egRo & dks kkvksa dk foHkktu rFkk c<+uk ,oa o`{kksa dk vkdkj c<+uk o`{kksa esa mRLosnu (Transpiration) izdk k la ys"k.k rFkk 'olu (Respiration) vkfn thou laca/kh dk;Z lw{e thoksa dh la[;k c<+uk & os vkWjxsfud tSo inkFkkZsa dks lM+k nsrs gSa] ftlls ikni iks"kd nzO; eqDr gkssdj ikS/kksa dks miyC/k rkieku dh vf/kdrk ouLifr dh vusdrk dk ?kksrd & deh lhfer ouLifr dk ouLifr foHkktu dfVca/k Ekk/; okf"kZd rkieku 240ls- ls vf/kd ek/; tuojh rkieku fooj.k 180ls- ls vf/kd 1- m".k 'khr _rq ugha gksrh vkSj ikyk ugha iM+rk 'khr _rq ekewyh ikyk dHkh dHkhA 170ls- ls 240ls- rd 70ls- ls 170ls- ls 100ls- ls 180ls- rd 2- miks".k ioZrh; 3- 'khrks".k ioZrh; &1 ls- ls 100ls- rd 'khr _rq fo ks"k] ikyk vkSj dHkh&dHkh fgeikr Hkh 70ls- ls de &10ls- ls de 4- vYikbZu 'khr _rq dBksj] Hkkjh fgeikrA
tyok;q dkjd & izdk'k ikS/kksa ,oa vU; ouLifr;ksa ij izHkko 1- i.kZgfjr (Chlorophyll) dk fuekZ.k rFkk izdk k 2- eqq[k jU/kzks (Stomata) dh f ;k khyrk 3- o`f) ij izHkko 4- o`{kksa ds N=ksa ds vkdkj rFkk rus dh vkd`fr ij izHkko 5- iqu#Riknu ij izHkko izdk kvko drk ds vk/kkj ij iztkfr;ksa dka foHkktu izdk k{ksih & izzpqj ek=k essa izdk k dh vko ;drk A Nk;k lfg".kq & Nk;k esa thfor jgus rFkk fodflr gksrs jgus dh {kerkA Nk;k{ksih & de ls de viuh izkjafHkd voLFkkvksa esa vius lkekU; fodk k ds fy, Nk;k dh dqN ek=k vko';d mnkgj.k & m".k ns kh; vknzZ ir>M+h ouksa esa izdk kis{kh & lsey] lkxkSu] lky] gYnw ,Mkbuk dkSMhZQksfy;k ] lSu VfeZusfy;k VkseSUVkstk ] Nk;klfg".kq & rqu] VsjksdkiZl eklZwfi;e] MycftZ;k ySVhQksfy;k] Nk;kis{kh & tkbfy;k] dqle ykbZpsjk vksfyvkstk ] tkequ] jksfguh eSyksVl fQfyIihuSfUll ] dsfj;kA
tyok;q dkjd & ok;q Okk;q vf/kd nckc okys LFkku ls de nckc okys LFkku dh vksj dgha&dgha og cgqr Hk;adj p okr (cyclone) ds #i esa ns k ds vf/kdka k Hkkxksa esa ekulwuh gokvksa ds cgus ls dkQh o"kkZ & Hkwfe lhapdj mls mitk A Okk;q dqN izdkj ds ikS/kksa ds ijkx.k (pollination) ,oa cht ifj{ksi.k (Seed dispersal) esa lgk;dA mnkgj.k & datw gkSyksiVsfy;k ] ckSjax gkbehuksfMfDV;ksu ] rqu] lsey vkfn ok;q ls gkfu;k & [kqyh txg es gksus okys o`{kksa ij ok;q dk nckc & pkbZ esa NksVs vkSj 'kq.Mkdkj (tapering) rusA BaMh vkSj xje lw[kh gok, ok"ihdj.k (evaparation) vkSj mRlosnu (Transpiration) dks c<+k nsrh& ikS/kksa ij lw[ks tSlk izHkko A o`{kfoghu {ks=ksa esa ok;q {kj.k (wind erosion)
tyok;q dkjd & vknzZrk rkieku ds lkFk feydj ou esa o`{kksa dh izfr gsDVs;j la[;k] mudh pkbZ] O;kl rFkk vk;ru o`f) fu/kkZj.k dk dkjd ikS/kksa dh nSfgd f ;kvksa rFkk e`nk fuekZ.k vkfn dks izHkkfor e`nk fuekZ.k esa Hkh ty dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vknZzrk ds Lkzksr 1- o"kkZ] 2- fgeikr rFkk vksys] 3- vksl] 4- vknZzrk ds la?kuu (Condensation) 1- o"kkZ] o"kkZ ds vk/kkj ij rhu vapyksa ;k Hkkxksa esa foHkktu vapy dk uke leLr okf"kZd o"kkZ fe-eh- esa ouLifr dk fooj.k fDyUu (wet) 2500 ;k vf/kd fDyUu lnkgfjr ou vknzZ 2500 ls de vkSj 900 ls vf/kd (i)fDyUu v)Z lnkgfjr o (ii)vknzZ iu>M+h ou (iii)'kq"d ir>M+h ou 'kq"d 900 ls de fuEu xq.k okyk 'kq"d ir>M+h ou e#izns kh rFkk vknZz e# izns kh; daVd ou vkSj xqYe xqYe & iz/kkurk NksVs ;k ckSus o`{kksa rFkk >kfM+;ksa dh
tyok;q dkjd & vknzZrk o"kkZ dh fo'ks"krk,a d fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh leLRk okf"kZd o"kkZ esa varj [k fdlh LFkku dh leLr okf"kZd o"kkZ esa okf"kZd varj x o"kkZ dk _rq&laca/kh forj.k 2- fgeikr rFkk vksys fgeikr ds ykHkdkjh izHkko vksys Qwy] Qy rFkk fctkSyksa ds fy, gkfudkjd rFkkfi vknzZrk ds lzksr #i esa egRo & e`nk dks ml le; vknZzrk tc o"kkZ _rq dk izHkko dkQh de 3- vksl vknZzrk dk ,d {kh.k lzksr 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa ikS/kksa ds thou rFkk mudh o`f) Ikj cgqr vuqdwy izHkko 4- vknzZrk dk la?kuu fueZy LoPN jkf= esa vksl ugha dHkh&dHkh e`nk esa la?kuu (condensation) }kjk vknZzrk
ry#i dkjd ry#i & HkkSfrd Yk{k.k & ry#i fdlh LFkku ds Hkwfery ds la#i] mldh mapkbZ <ky vkSj vfHkeq[krk dk o.kZu midkjd 1 Hkw&i`"B dk la#i rkieku] ok;q] o"kkZ vkfn dks izHkkfor 2 rqaxrk & LkkSj fofdj.k] rkieku] rFkk o"kkZ dks izHkkfor rqaxrk c<+us ds lkFk rkieku es fxjkoV ry#i 3 <+ky <+ky viokg rFkk ty&fudkl dks izHkkfor <ky e`nk {kj.k rFkk e`nk dh xgjkbZ dks izHkkfor vfHkeq[krk ;k vukoj.k
HkkSfedhlfgre`nkdkjd e`nk }kjk vius HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud vfHky{k.kksa ls yk, x, ikfjfLFkfrd izHkkoksa dks e`nk dkjd dgrs gSaA e`nk & Hkw&iiZVh ds lcls ij okyk _rq {kfjr Lrj A mi foHkktu 1 i`"B e`nk & i`"B e`nk yxHkx iwjh rjg _rq {kfjr] foys; rRoksa esa ifjiw.kZ vkSj lkis{kr% vf/kd lekuqikr esa tSo inkFkksZa rFkk ckjhd feV~Vh okys i`"B Lrj dks dgrs gSa & 'kh"kZ e`nk Hkh & okru vkSj tM+ksa rFkk lw{e thoksa dh rhoz f ;k khyrk dk izns kA 2 v/kkse`nk & v/kkse`nk i`"B e`nk ds Bhd uhps okyk ml Lrj & viw.kZ#i ls _rq&{kkfjr & ftlesa foys; la?kVd] tSo&inkFkZ vkSj ckjhd feV~Vh cgqr deA
tSodkjd 1- ikniksa dk izHkko ouksa dks uqdlku igq pkus okys ikni ijthoh vf/kikni vkjksgh yrk ;k csy gkfudkjd ikni 2- dhVksa dk IkzHkko ouksa Eksa fofHkUu izdkj ds dhV & dqN ykHknk;d vkSj dqN gkfudkjdA 3-euq"; dk izHkko fuoZuhdj.k rFkk vR;f/kd ikru nkckfXu 'kk[kk dkVuk PkjkbZ
