Fish Diseases: Viral and Bacterial Causes
Explore the major viral and bacterial diseases affecting mariculture fishes, including their causative agents, affected species, and diagnostic methods for effective control and management. Learn about conditions like Red sea bream Iridoviral Disease (RSIVD) and VHSV infection in olive flounder, with insights into symptoms, pathogenicity, and control measures.
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General characteristics of fish disease Dr Deepak Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Pathology Bihar Veterinary College, Patna -14 Bihar Animal Sciences University Patna
General characteristics of fish disease - VIRAL DISEASE - BACTERIAL DISEASE - PARASITIC DISEASE 2
Major viral diseases of mariculture fishes Disease Causative agent Affected species Lymphocystis disease Iridovirus (LDV) Many fishes Red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) Red sea bream, Rock bream Iridovirus (RSIV) Rhabdoviral infection Olive flounder Rhabdovirus (HIRRV) Birnavirus infection Birnavirus (YTAV) Olive flounder Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) Nodavirus (SJNNV) Several fishes Viral ascites Birnavirus (YTAV) Yellowtail Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) virus infection Olive flounder VHSV Viral epidermal hyperplasia Herpesvirus(FHV) Olive flounder 3
Red sea bream Iridoviral Disease (RSIVD) Causative agent : Iridoviridae Hosts : red sea bream, rock bream Signs 1) lethargic and severe anemia 2) petechiae of the gill 3) hypertrophic spleen 4) enlarged spleen cell PCR 4
VHSV infection in olive flounder Causative agent : Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) Sign: clear ascites, enterocele hemorrhage in the liver - pathogenicity : causing mass mortality below 15 Diagnosis and control : - cell line culture, RT-PCR - control water temperature above18 5
Major bacterial diseases of mariculture fishes Disease Causative agent Affected species Listonella (Vibrio) anguillarum (G-) Several fishes Vibriosis Larvae of olive flounder Vibrio ichthyoenteri (G-) Bacterial enteritis Edwardsiella tarda (G-) Several fishes Edwardsiellosis Gliding bacterial disease Tenacibaculum maritmum (G-) Several fishes Streptococcus iniae, etc (G+-) Streptococcicosis Several fishes 7
Edwardsiellosis Causative agent : Edwardsiella tarda A. Chracteristics of pathogen a. Gram negative rods. b. Weakly motile, peritrichous flagellac. c. Oxidase negative, catalase positive. d. K/A, H2S in TSI. Black colony in SS B. Host : olive flounder etc C. Signs a. swelling of abdomen b. intestinal protrusion from the anus c. ascites d. nodules 8
Streptococcicosis A. Characteristics of Streptococcus inieae a. Gram positive cocci in pairs or short chains. Non-motile b. grown on TSA, BHIA and Blood agar c. On rabbit-blood agar most isolates are mostly -haemolytic d. Facultative anaerobes B. Hosts : olive flounder, seawater fishes C. Signs: 1) Darkening of the skin 2) exophthalmia,hemorrhaging in the eye, opaque eye 3) bloody spot inside of the opercula and peritoneum 9
Scuticociliatosis A.Scuticociliatida Urenema marinum , Miamiensis avidus a. ovoid histophagous ciliate B. Signs a. Invading skin, fin, muscle, peritoneal cavity, kidney, characteristically brain of olive flounder. b. Causing ulcer on body surface. c. Mass mortality of fry and high cumulative mortality of juvenile in cultured olive flounder . 11
Gill monogenean parasitic disease of black rockfish Parasite : Microcotyle sebastis Host : black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli Signs : 1) anemia with pale gill 2) destroyed and abrasion of gill tissue Treatment : Praziquantel or mebendazole oral administration 12
CONCEPT OF DISEASE CONTROL PATHOGEN HOST VIRUS BACTERIA PARASITE Disease DEFENCE MECHANISM ENVIRONMENT WATER TEMP QUALITY 14
1) STRATEGY TO THE PATHGEN (CHEMOTHERAPY) a) EFFECTIVE - Bacteria (Antibiotic) - Parasite b) EFFECTIVELESS - Drug resistance bacteria - Virus 15
2) STRATEGIES TO THE HOST 1) VACCINE TO BACTERIA AND VIRUS 2) MEDICINAL HERBS AS IMMUNOSTIMULANT TO BACTERIAL D. 16
Type of Vaccines 1. Dead vaccine : Bacteria, Virus 1) Whole cell : FKC, HKC, FK virus 2) Extracted & lysed cell : LPS, sonicated cell 3) Cell metabolite (CM) 2. Live vaccine : Virus, Parasite, Bacteria 3. Recombinant vaccine: Virus, Bacteria 4. DNA vaccine: Virus 17
Summary Disease control and Prevention in Mariculture 1) Laboratory - Develop a new chemotherapeutic drug - - Vaccination on major infectious endemic disease - - Immunostimulant development with medicinal herbs etc 2) Farmer - - Use to disinfectant in land based culturing farm for prevention from pathogen spreading - - Substituted moist pellet to the commercial extruded pellet 18
