Fungal Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles: Production and Mechanisms
Explore the synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi, focusing on silver and gold production mechanisms with extracellular and intracellular synthesis methods. Discover the advantages and disadvantages of fungal biosynthesis, highlighting its potential for large-scale production and the challenges of using pathogenic fungi. Gain insights into the role of enzymes in nanoparticle formation and the economic viability of utilizing fungi in this process.
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Presentation Transcript
Synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi The most common nanoparticles synthesized by fungi are silver and gold Silver nanoparticle production Extracellular systhesis: Trichoderma virde, Aspergillus niger, penicillium brevicompactum intracellular synthesis : Verticillium species and Neurospora crassa.
Gold nanoparticle production Extracellular synthesis : Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albican. Intracellular synthesis : Verticillum species. Miscellaneous nanoparticle production Fusarium oxysporum zirconia, titanium. Trametes versicolor, and Candida glabrata cadmium sulfide
Gold and silver Formation mechanisms initiate nanoparticle formation by many fungi depend on : Nitrate reductase -NADPH dependent reductases External gold nanoparticle synthesis was attributed to laccase, intracellular gold nanoparticle synthesis was attributed to ligninase.
Advantages of fungal biosynthesis of nanoparticles Fungi could be a source for large amount production of nanoparticles because they are known to secrete much higher amounts of proteins, compared with bacteria Because of their tolerance and metal bioaccumulation ability, fungi are taking the center stage of studies on the biological generation of metallic nanoparticles Fungi are extremely efficient secretors of extracellular enzymes; it is thus possible to easily obtain large-scale production of enzymes. It is economic viability and ease in handling biomass.
Disadvantages of fungal biosynthesis of nanoparticles A majority of the filamentous fungi (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus) that have reportedly been used for extracellular biomass free synthesis of AgNPs are pathogenic to plants and/or humans. Thus, there is a need for developing a newer/ novel approach to testing a nonpathogenic fungus for the successful synthesis and capping of nanosized silver particles. The genetic manipulation of eukaryotic organisms as means of over expressing specific enzymes (eg, the ones identified in synthesis of metallic nanoparticles) is relatively much more difficult than that in prokaryotes.
