Gear Design Basics and Applications

GEAR DESIGN Part I (INTRODUCTION Lec.9 Dr. Ameer Ali Kamel Prod.Eng.& Mech. Design Dept. Faculty of Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION Gears are considered as mechanical elements, by which the contact surfaces grooves that prevent transmitting rotation. Gears are used as speed converters when a constant speed ratio between two axis with high accuracy is required. are and provided ensure with pure slip However, gears are used if the center distance between the shafts is relative small. But, it is important to notice that, gears required special equipment for manufacturing and no machining error is allowable by gear cutting.

Different kinds of gear are usually used in the engineering machinery branches. These types are: 1. External spur gears Gear A is called the driver because this is turned by a motor. As gear A turns it meshes with gear B and it begins to turn as well. Gear B is called the driven gear.

Design- Spur Gear Animation

A Gear Train is usually made up of two or more gears. The driver in this example is gear A . If a motor turns gear A in an anticlockwise direction; the gear C turns anticlockwise too.

The expressions driver gears, driven gears and gear trains are explained. An idler gear is another important gear. In the example opposite gear A turns in an anticlockwise direction and also gear C turns in an anticlockwise direction. The idler gear is used so that the rotation of the two important gears is the same.

Compound Gear System Compound machines and in many other mechanical devices. In the diagram, gear A is actually two gears attached to each other and they rotate around the same centre. Sometimes compound gears are used so that the final gear in a gear train rotates at the correct speed. gears are used in engines, workshop

2.Internal spur gears Gear system can be internally meshed. The inter gear can be denoted as wheel and the other is the pinion. In general, spur gears transmit power between parallel shafts.

3. Helical Gears Some gear systems have inclined tooth to increase the tooth width with respect to the gear (i.e., increase the load carrying capacity).. width

4.Rack & Pinion It is still composed of two gears. The pinion is the normal round gear and the rack is straight or flat. Rack and pinion converts rotational motion into linear motion.

5. Bevel gear Bevel gears can be used to change the direction of drive in a gear system by 90 degrees. Desig37- Bevel gears animation

A good example is seen as the main mechanism for a hand drill. As the handle of the drill is turned direction, the bevel gears change the rotation of the chuck to a horizontal rotation in a vertical The bevel gears increase the speed of rotation of the chuck and this makes it possible range of materials. to drill a

Types of Bevel Gears A. Straight bevel gear B. Helical bevel gear

5. WORM GEARS The arrangement of gears seen is a worm and worm- wheel. The worm, which in this example is brown in colour, only has one tooth but it is like a screw thread. The worm-wheel, coloured yellow, is like a normal gear wheel or spur gear. Design- Worm Gear animation

The gear ratio of a worm gear is worked out through the following formula: number of teeth on worm-wheel number of teeth on worm The worm acts as a single toothed gear so the ratio is; number of teeth on worm-wheel 1

Examples of Worm wheel drives

The shown system is used to control a set of traffic lights. The mechanism involved includes a motor which drives a worm gear round, turning a wormwheel and the attached cam. As the cam rotates it hits a micro switch which turns on a light

Gear Train Any combination of gear wheels employed to transmit motion from one shaft to the other and is called gear train. The motion can be: A.Rotation between two parallel shafts (spur or helical gears). B. Rotation between two perpendicular shafts (Bevel gears). C. Rotation from one shaft to linear movement to the other (Rack & Pinion)

D. Rotation between two shafts with high speed ratio (Worm gear). Gear trains can be classified into: A. Simple trains of gears. B. Compound trains of gears. C. Reverted trains of gears. D.Epicyclic trains of gears Design38- examples of transmissions

A. Simple gear trains Wheels A and B constitute a simple gear train and rotate in opposite directions. Therefore, N = = = = Z D B B A A = = N Z D A A B B NA NB Angular velocity. N Number of revolutions. Z Number of teeth. D Gear diameter.

Simple gear train may be constituted by more than two gears .as in the following figure. NA NB NC Z N Z Z N N & B B A C = = = = A C = = N Z N Z N Z A C B B A C

It is important to notice that the third wheel C rotates in the same direction of the first wheel A . The second wheel is known as the idler wheel. For a simple gear train with n wheel, the speed ratio can be described as follows. Z N n 1 = = N Z n 1

B. Compound Gear Trains 3 4 1 2 1 4 2 3 In compound gear train, two wheel 2 & 3 are mounted in the same shaft and rotate together at the same speed.

3 4 1 2 1 4 2 3 N Z Z N Z Z N N = = N 2 1 = = 3 4 = = 1 3 4 = = N Z N Poroduct Z of 2 3 N Z Z 1 2 3 4 1 2 4 number of teeth on drivers N driven= = N product of number of teeth on drivens driver

C. Reverted Gear Trains 2 3 Reverted gear train is a train in which the first and last gears are on the same Therefore, it is used as speed reducer. The following points should be considered: R + + Where, R is the pitch circle radius. N axis. 1 4 = = + + R R R 1 2 3 4 Z Z = = 1 2 4 N Z Z 4 1 3

3. Epicyclic Gear Train In the discussed gear trains, the wheels rotates about their axis. In the train, a wheel B rotates about other axis Axis where the wheel A is fixed to the frame. The arm C revolves carrying with it wheel B . B epicyclic gear of gear A C A Epicyclic gear train is also called Planetary Gears

Velocity ratio of Epicyclic Gear Train B Operation Arm C Gear A Gear B C A Arm C locked 0 +1 -(ZA/ZB) Multiply by x 0 +x -(ZA/ZB)x Add y y y+x y-(ZA/ZB)x 1. (-)ve sign for gear B for the direction of motion. 2. As gear A is fixed, therefore, y+x = 0 3. A useful assumption is that arm C revolves one revolution.

+ + = = y x 0 = = & y 1 = = x 1 Z = = & N y x A B Z B Z = = . e . i N 1 ( 1 ) A b Z B Z = = + + N 1 A B Z B

EXAMPLE C=35 F=30 B=20 E=20 A D=15 In the shown arrangement, wheel E is fixed and wheels C and D are integrated cast on the same shaft (pin). If the arm A revolves 1 rpm counter- clockwise, determine the rotation of wheels B and F speed and direction of

SOLUTION C=35 F=30 A B=20 E=20 D=15 Operation A B D&C E F Arm A locked 0 1 -20/25 (20/15)(35/20) -(20/15)(35/20)(20/30) Multiyply by x 0 X -(20/25)x (20/15)(35/20)x -(20/15)(35/20)(20/30)x Add y Y x+y y -(20/25)x Y+ (20/15)(35/20)x y-(20/15)(35/20)(20/30)x As E is fixed, Arm A makes one revolution counter clockwise y=-1 20 35 + + = = y x 0 15 20 7 + + = = y x 0 3

Solving the last two equations, Therefore, x = 3/7 Speed of B is given by: x + y = (3/7) 1= - 4/7 = -0.572 i.e., B rotates 0.572 rpm in the same direction of the arm i.e., counter clockwise. Similarly, the speed of F is given by: Y-(14/9)x = -1-(14/9)(3/7) = -5/3 = -1/666

2. GEAR REQUIREMENTS Gearing should meeting the following requirements: 1. Teeth must have a profile, which ensures a constant velocity. 2.The relative motion of one teeth on another should be more of a rolling nature than of a sliding motion. 3. The arc of engagement should be so long that, at all times, more than one pair of teeth are in mesh. In practice, this is not always fulfilled.

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