Health Care Professionals and Training in the Medical Field

The Culture of Health Care Health Professionals The People In Health Care Lecture c This material (Comp 2 Unit 2) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015. This material was updated in 2016 by Bellevue College under Award Number 90WT0002. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.

Health ProfessionalsThe People in Health Care Learning Objectives Define terms used in health care and in health professionals education and training, including clinician, patient/consumer, disease, and syndrome. (Lecture a) Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physicians, including those in primary care and other specialties. (Lecture a) Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of nurses, advanced practice nurses, licensed practical nurses, medical assistants, and medication aides. (Lecture b) Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physician assistants, pharmacists, therapists, allied health professionals. (Lecture c) Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of paramedics, emergency medical technicians, dental professionals, mental health professionals, and social workers. (Lecture c) 3

Physician Assistant Education Most PA applicants have bachelor of science degree Associate s, bachelor s, or master s degree Training Preclinical Clinical Certification Required to pass the Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam Maintaining certification requires continuing medical education and recertifying every six years 4

Physician Assistant Continued Licensure In most states, licensure is by a the medical board Some states have a specific PA board Roles Diagnose and treat patients Prescribing authority Hospital and nursing home rounds 5

Pharmacy Training Travis Nimmo CC-BY 6

Pharmacy Certification Six specialty practice areas recognized by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties: o Ambulatory care pharmacy o Nuclear pharmacy o Nutrition support pharmacy o Oncology pharmacy o Pharmacotherapy o Psychiatric pharmacy 7

Pharmacy Continued Licensure Varies by state North America Pharmacy Licensure Exam (NAPLEX) Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE) Some states require a state exam instead of or in addition to the MPJE Roles Dispensing, community and hospital based Consulting, usually hospital based 8

Respiratory Therapy Education Usually an associate s degree, but there are bachelor s degrees in respiratory therapy Training Preclinical Clinical Certification: Two levels Certified Respiratory Therapist Exam (CRT) Registered Respiratory Therapist Exam (RRT) Both exams are offered by the National Board of Respiratory Care 9

Respiratory Therapy Continued Licensure Required in most states Successful completion of the CRT exam required Roles Respiratory assessment Patient education Respiratory treatments and medication Oxygen administration and ventilator support 10

Physical Therapy Physical therapy aide On-the-job training Not licensed Physical therapy assistant Associate s degree Licensure varies by state Physical therapist Master s or doctoral degree Licensure o National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE) o Other exams or requirements 11

Occupational Therapy Occupational therapy aide On-the-job training Not licensed Occupational therapy assistant Associate s degree or certificate Certification o Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA) Licensure varies by state Occupational therapist Master s or doctoral degree Certification o Occupational Therapist Registered Exam Licensure varies by state 12

Radiology Technician/Technologist Education Certificate, associate s degree, bachelor s degree Training Some general studies Anatomy, physiology, math, physics, radiation technology Clinical practicums 13

Radiology Technician/Technologist Continued Certification Voluntary certification by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologist (ARRT) Accredited training program and an exam Licensure Varies by state, but most require licensure ARRT certification is often a requirement 14

Radiology Technician/Technologist Continued 2 Role Help maintain and calibrate equipment Position and set controls for x-rays May specialize in a specific type of radiology such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging 15

EKG Technician Education Often on-the-job training Certificate programs usually consists of a single course Training Basic anatomy, physiology, and electrophysiology of the heart Technical training on how to use the equipment and verify quality of the tracing 16

EKG Technician Continued Certification Certification exams are available but generally aren t required License No state license required Role At the most basic level, EKG technicians set up the EKG equipment, run the test, evaluate whether it is an accurate recording, and prepare the recording for interpretation 17

Dietetics and Nutrition Dietetic technician, registered (DTR) Associate s degree Registration Examination for Dietetic Technicians Variable licensure Registered dietician (RD) Bachelor s degree Registration Examination for Dieticians Most states require licensure, certification or registration 18

Requirements for Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and Paramedics Position Requirements 120 150 hours of coursework CPR Artificial ventilations Administer oxygen Basic airway management Spinal immobilization Vital signs Bandaging and splinting Transport patients 200 400 hours of coursework In addition to EMT tasks: Start IV lines Automated defibrillation EMT Advanced EMT 1,200 1,800 hours of coursework In addition to Advanced EMT tasks: Administer medications Advanced airway management Manual defibrillation Paramedic 2.2 Table: This work by Travis Nimmo was adapted from MedicOne Medical Response, Difference between Paramedics and EMTs (2009), and is licensed under CC-BY 19

Dental Health Dental Assistant Education o On the Job o Certificate o Associate s degree Certification o Certified Dental Assistant Exam Licensure o Varies by state Dental Hygienist Education o Associate s degree o Bachelor s degree Licensure o National Dental Hygiene Board Exam o State clinical board 20

Dentist Education Doctor dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of dental medicine (DMD) 4 years of college 4 years of dental school Training Preclinical Clinical 21

Dentist Continued Licensure Dental school Written National Board Dental Examinations Additional written and practical examinations vary by state Role General preventive, restorative, and periodontal care 22

Mental Health Professionals Roles and Training Position Role Preparation Usually earn master s degree. Requirements Licensure required by all states. Certification varies by state. Licensure required by all state. Certification varies by state. Directly counsel patients. Cannot prescribe medications. May or may not directly counsel patients. Administer and analyze psychological tests. Cannot prescribe medications. Counseling Therapy. Manage medications used to treat. psychological disorders. Can prescribe medications. Counselor Usually earn doctoral degree (PhD). Psychologist Must complete medical school and a psychiatry residency. Licensure required by all states by USLME exams Certification usually required for hospital privileges and insurance payment. Psychiatrist 2.3 Table: Mental Health Professionals Roles and Training 23

Social Workers Education Bachelor s degree in social work (BSW) Master s degree or master s of social work (MSW) Training BSW focuses on direct service MSW more clinical and supervisory training Licensure All states and the District of Columbia require licensure, certification, or registration 24

Social Workers Continued Roles BSW o Direct service o Case management Health, housing, relationships, disability MSW o Counseling o Case management o Supervisory o May specialize in certain areas such as mental health, substance abuse, rehabilitation 25

Case Manager Education Varies greatly to include on-the-job training, associate or certificate programs, nursing degrees, and social service degrees Training May include additional training specific for case management Certification Certification of case managers is available in specific fields but generally are not required 26

Case Manager Continued Licensure Depending on education and training Role A case manager is required to assess a client s problems and mobilize resources to enable the client to function at his or her best level 27

Two Examples of Other Roles Health information management (HIM) professionals manage the patient s medical record for clinical, financial, and legal uses Biomedical engineers apply engineering principles in the design, development, and maintenance of IT systems and medical device equipment 28

Health ProfessionalsThe People in Health Care Summary Lecture c This lecture discussed the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles for physician assistants; pharmacists; respiratory, physical and occupation therapists and technicians; and nutrition and dietary personnel Training and roles of paramedics and EMTs, dental health professionals, mental health professionals, social workers, and case managers were also reviewed 29

Health ProfessionalsThe People in Health Care Summary Terminology used in health care and in the education of health professionals was reviewed Education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physicians, nursing personnel, and others, including common specialties and subspecialties, were discussed The unit looked at health care roles in specific work settings, specialty areas, and nonclinical fields 30

Health ProfessionalsThe People in Health Care References Lecture c References AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association).(2016). Certification. Retrieved from http://www.ahima.org/certification American Board of Medical Specialties. (2016). Board certification and maintenance of certification. Retrieved from http://www.abms.org/board-certification American Medical Association. (2016). Obtaining a medical license. Retrieved from http://www.ama- assn.org/ama/pub/education-careers/becoming-physician/medical-licensure.page American Medical Association. (2016). Requirements for becoming a physician. Retrieved from http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/education-careers/becoming-physician.page Explore Health careers.org. (2016). Career explorer. Retrieved from http://explorehealthcareers.org/en/home HRSA (Health Resources and Services Administration Health Workforce). (2016). Health workforce research. Retrieved from https://bhw.hrsa.gov/health-workforce-analysis/research MedlinePlus. (2014). Health occupations. Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthoccupations.html MedlinePlus. (2012). Medical dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html National Association of Advisors for the Health Professions. (2013). Health professions links. Retrieved from http://www.naahp.org/PublicResources/HealthProfessionsLinks.aspx 31

Health ProfessionalsThe People in Health Care References Lecture c Continued National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians. (2016). National EMS certification. Retrieved from http://www.nremt.org NIH MedlinePlus. (2011). Life works: Explore health and medical science careers.NIH MedlinePlus. Summer. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/magazine/issues/summer11/articles/summer11pg24-25.html U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Biomedical engineers. In U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational outlook handbook, 2016 17 edition. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/biomedical-engineers.htm U.S. News and World Report. (2016). Best health care jobs. Retrieved from http://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/rankings/best-healthcare-jobs Charts, Tables, Figures 2.2 Table: Travis Nimmo, adapted from MedicOne Medical Response, Difference between Paramedics and EMTs (2009), and licensed under CC-BY. 2.3 Table: Mental Health Professionals Roles and Training Images Slide 5: Pharmacy Training. CC-BY by Travis Nimmo. 32

The Culture of Health Care Health Professionals The People in Health Care Lecture c This material was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015. This material was updated in 2016 by Bellevue College under Award Number 90WT0002. 33