Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs: Introduction and Examples

LAN 405 BEGINNING HEBREW II Class XII: Hiphil Strong & Weak Verbs (ch. 30-31) Dr. Esa Autero

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs 1.1 Introduction to Hiphil stem Hiphil occurs more than any other derived stem Hiphil stem occurs 9,496x in Hb.* In pf. 2,684x & impf. 4,063x Imp. 740x & inf. cst. 951x; inf. abs. 223x 835x in participle

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs 2.1 The meaning of Hiphil stem 1) Causative Hiphil Causative type of action in active voice he reigned/he was a king (Qal) he caused to reign/he made (someone) king (Hiphil) Key words caused and made used to express causative action

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Qal Stem He remembered Hiphil Stem He caused to remember; he reminded He caused to hear; he proclaimed He caused to approach; he presented He heard He approached Literal translation he caused to remember Idiomatic translation he reminded Idiomatic better in most cases

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs 2) Simple Action Hiphil Hiphil retains the simple action of Qal stem translate like Qal Frequent in verbs that are only (or rarely) found in Qal Qal Stem Hiphil Stem Translation He arose early He threw (down) He exterminated

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs 3) Declarative Hiphil Declarative Hiphil expresses declarative nuance The subject of the verb declares someone/something to be in certain condition or state of being to be guilty (Qal) to declare/pronounce guilty (Hiphil)

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs 3) Factitive Hiphil Make an intransitive verb a transitive verb Intransitive = doesn t take a direct object Transitive = takes a direct object The subject of the verb declares someone/something to be in certain condition or state of being to be great (Qal) to make (someone/something) great (Hiphil) Other less frequent categories of Hiphil Uncategorized Hiphil only learned through a Lexicon

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Hiphil Perfect Qal Hiphil Translation He caused to kill 3ms prefix in all forms Stem vowels varies b/w Hireq Yod and Pathach 3fs She caused to kill 2ms You caused to kill 2fs You caused to kill prefix also found Niph. imp. & inf. cst. 1cs I caused to kill 3cp They caused to kill Hiph. Pf. 2mp You caused to kill 2fp You caused to kill 1cp We caused to kill

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Hiphil imperfect In all forms Pathach preformative Also occurs in Type 2 II-Guttural Qal stem in impf. ( ) Distinguished by Holem stem vowel in Qal Hireq Yod in all but 3fp & 2fp w/ Waw consecutive Stem vowel Tsere 2fp Qal Hiphil Translation He ll cause to kill 3ms 3fs She ll cause to kill 2ms You ll cause to kill 2fs You ll cause to kill 1cs I ll cause to kill 3mp They ll cause to kill 3fp They ll cause to kill 2mp You ll cause to kill You ll cause to kill

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Hiphil imperative Formed with prefix Stem vowel varies b/w Tsere and Hireq Yod Standard imp. (=impefect) endings Qal Hiphil Translation Cause to kill 2ms Cause to kill 2fs Cause to kill 2mp Cause to kill 2fp

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Hiphil inf. cst. Infinitive construct and absolute Infinitive construct Formed with prefix (like imperative) + Hireq Yod stem vowel Qal Hiphil Translation To cause to kill; killing Stem vowel distinguishes inf. const. ( ) from Hiph. imp. ( )

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Hiphil. Inf. Abs. Infinitive absolute Formed with prefix (like imperative) + Hireq Yod stem vowel Stem vowel distinguishes infinitive absolute from construct Hiph. inf. cst. Hiphil. Inf. Abs. Tsere stem vowel note that imperative masculine singular and infinitive absolute forms are identical Context will tell the difference

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Hiphil Participle Formed with prefix Hireq Yod stem vowel, and pts. inflection Qal Hiphil Translation Causing to kill ms prefix in every form fs Causing to kill Also in piel, pual, hophal Hireq Yod in every form except one of the fem. singular forms mp Causing to kill fp Causing to kill

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Piel Stem Strong Verb Summary Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive construct Infinitive absolute Participle

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Practice Workbook p. 239, no: 1-5 p. 241, no: 1-5 (Translation) Homework See slide no: 24

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs 3.1 Hiphil Stem Weak Verbs Review of Hiphil strong verb paradigm prefix in all conjugations, except impf and participle Pathach under all preformatives and prefixes, except Perfect (has Hireq) Hireq Yod or Tsere stem vowel in all forms, except 2nd and 3rd persons forms of the Perfect (=Pathach)

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle Niphal Stem Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69% Only pf. lacks strong verb diagnostics elsewhere same Pf. has Seghol prefix vowel rather than the Hireq of the strong verb same as in Qal impf. and Niph. pf. Guttural-I verbs Guttural consonant in the 1st root position take a reduced vowel in every form

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle Niphal Stem Weak Verbs In impf 3fp and 2fp, the stem vowel is Pathach rather than Tsere change due to gutturals preferring a-class vowels Impf 2ms and 2fs have Pathach stem vowels rather than Tsere, as in the impf above. All Qal verbs = 69% Mostly as Hiphil strong only few stem vowels vary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle Niphal Stem Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69% Most strong verb diagnostic remain the same The stem vowel variation same as in I- weak verbs in general In all pf. 2nd and 3rd person forms the stem vowel is Tsere (in Hiphil strong verbs it is Pathach) In the impf. stem vowel in 3fp and 2fp is Seghol rather than Tsere same variation occurs in imp. 2fp.

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle Niphal Stem Weak Verbs verb diagnostics variation in the stem vowel only In pf. Hireq Yod stem vowel may also occur as Tsere Yod as an alternate form ( ) In imperfect Hireq Yod stem vowel does not occur in any form Infinitive construct has the ending All Qal verbs = 69% All prefix and preformative consonants retain Hiphil strong III-

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle Niphal Stem Weak Verbs Main difficulty in identifying the verbal root First consonant assimilates Daghesh on the second consonant as a result All Qal verbs = 69% All strong diagnostics retained I-

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle Niphal Stem Weak Verbs and replaces yod that is in the first root position. Holem waw follows prefix/preformative in every form Apart from above changes, strong verb diagnostics remain All Qal verbs = 69% Most I- verbs originally I- verbs original reappears Most difficult is recognition of I- verbs need to remember that I- verbs originally I- & the original waw reappears.

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle Niphal Stem Weak Verbs vowel in most cases (cf. other biconsonantals). In pf., the prefix vowel varies between Tsere in 3rd person forms and Hateph Pathach in the 1st and 2nd person forms. Notice the holem waw connecting vowel between verbal root and pf. sufformatives in 2nd and 1st person forms (cf. Qal Geminate verbs) In impf., imp., inf. cst. & abs. prefix/preformative vowels are Qamets (not Pathach like strong verbs) Prefix vowel for participle varies b/w Tsere & vocal Sheva All Qal verbs = 69% Biconsonantal verbs exhibit the diagnostic Hireq Yod stem

Hiphil Stem Strong & Weak Verbs Practice Workbook p. 248, no: 1-10 p. 249, no: 1-5 Homework p. 243 no: 1-3 & p. 251 no: 1-3