Human Karyotyping: Understanding Chromosome Composition and Classification
Explore the world of human karyotyping, delving into the intricacies of chromosome structure, size, and classification. Learn about the 46 chromosomes in humans, including 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Discover the key characteristics of metacentric, submetacentric, and acrocentric chromosomes, and grasp the distinctions between normal male (46, XY), normal female (46, XX), and Down syndrome (47, trisomy 21) karyotypes.
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Presentation Transcript
Study Of Human Karyotyping B. Sc. I Dr. Narayan R. Mane Department Of Zoology GKG College, Kolhapur
There are 46 chromosome in the human i.e. 22 pairs of autosome and 1 pair of sex chromosome. In male is XY and in female it is XX. Through improved cell culture technique and cytological technique, size and shape of chromosome could be fairly we defined. This is routinely done by taking dividing cell from cell culture so that chromosome can be seen. Dividing cell exhibit full compliment of 46 chromosoe. In mitosis, each chromosome has consist of two chromatids that remain attached to the centromer until anaphase. Based on position of centromer the human chromosome are classified into 3 groups. 1. Metacentric (Centromer is at center) 2. Sub-metacentric (Centromer is near to center but not exactly at center) 3. Acrocentric (Centromer is near to end) Depending on the size and centromeric position, human chromosome's are classified into 7 groups.
Group No. Chromosomal Group Group Designation Size Position of centromer 1st& 3rd- metacentric 2nd- Submetacentric 1 1-3 A Large 2 4-5 B Large Submetacentric 3 6-12 C Medium Submetacentric 4 13-15 D Medium Acrocentric 16th Metacentric 17th& 18th- Submetacentric 5 16-18 E Medium 6 19-20 F Short Metacentric 7 21-22 G Very short Acrocentric
Karyotype of normal male (46, XY) 1. Total Number of chromosome is 46 2. There is 22 pairs of autosome having disomy. Autosome are normal in appearance. 3. Sex chromosome are normal in apperance.
Karyotype of normal female (46, XX) 1. Total Number of chromosome is 46 2. There is 22 pairs of autosome having disomy. Autosome are normal in appearance. 3. Sex chromosome are normal in apperance
Karyotype of Down Syndrome 1. Total Number of chromosome is 47 2. There is 23 pairs of autosome having trisomy 21. Hence it is karyotype of Down syndrome.
Karyotype of Edward Syndrome 1. Total Number of chromosome is 47 2. There is 23 pairs of autosome having trisomy 18. Hence it is karyotype of Edward Syndrome.
