Hypomagnesaemic Tetany in Lactating Ruminants: A Clinical Overview

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Highly fatal metabolic disease in lactating ruminants, manifested by hyperaesthesia, tetany, and convulsions. Factors contributing, clinical signs, and pathogenesis discussed.

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DER Opportunities in the Pacific Northwest Ken Nichols ken@eqlenergy.com 503-438-8223

NPCC 7th Plan 2021 Demand Response Winter 600-1,000MW US 2013 DR > 28,000 MW 7,000 Cumulative Winter Capacity (MW) Demand Response 6,000 Conservation 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 - 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 Year Source: Northwest Power and Conservation Council, Mar. 2015 www.eqlenergy.com / 2

2022 WECC (MW)1 DER Spend in the PNW Distributed Resource 2021 Forecast 5 yr Budget Sources and Assumptions MW $MM DR Reliability 145 $45 NPCC, utility IRPs, WIEB study, $100/kW-yr NPCC early target, <4% peak, summer (500) and winter (500), $60/kW-yr NPCC distributed, 2014 E3 TEPPC DG reference, $2,000/kW DR Peak Reduction 1,000 $195 Distributed Solar 332 $663 CHP 238 $333 NPCC, 2014 E3 TEPPC DG reference, $1,400/kW Storage 55 $176 WA and OR law, PUC, $1,400/kW CVR (aMW) 33 $29 NPCC aMW estimate by 2021, $0.10/kWh DSG (non-spin) 210 $231 PGE has 100MW today, $200/kW-yr DER Total 2,013 $1,672 EE Total (aMW) $2,105 Historical spend 2014 budget $421, times 5 years www.eqlenergy.com / 3

Summary of IOU resource plans Thermal? Generation? Planned Demand? Respon Demand? Response unknown 0 121 0 60 181 sponse? Planned Year? 2021 440 102 277 0 318 1,137 Year? 2026 Description Carty? 2 peakers? only peakers? only CCGT? 2028 every? 5? yrs 1,788 source Portland? General? Electric Avista? Puget? Sound? Energy PacifiCorp Idaho? Power 2016? IRP? prelim 102 126 423 318 651 DR? cost? too? high 2015? IRP by? 2021 2015? IRP 2015? IRP 2015? IRP www.eqlenergy.com / 4

Demand Response by Utility 2021 System Load Demand Response (MW) 2021Targ 2015 Existing (summer ) IRPs (summer and winter) Midrange Peak Load (MW) et Energy (GWh) % PNW Capacity 5 yr Target Budget Utility (Summer and Winter) MW MW 2,720 GWh 14,673 % MW MW $MM Avista Bonneville Power Administration Chelan Co PUD Douglas Co PUD Grant Co PUD Portland Gen Electric Idaho Power Northwestern (MT) PacifiCorp PNW Puget Sound Energy Seattle City Light Tacoma Power Pacific Northwest 7% 0 0 54 $11.4 10,463 53,972 28% 0 ? 0 0 0 ? 209 14 $43.9 $3.0 $1.8 $3.6 $17.7 $79.4 $7.7 $34.0 $25.4 $8.0 $4.4 $240.4 $2,105.0 722 424 858 4,056 1,975 5,177 23,463 16,605 11,390 22,914 26,485 10,751 5,480 196,941 2% 1% 2% 11% 11% 5% 11% 14% 5% 3% 100% 0 0 0 ? 8 17 84 4,220 4,159 1,833 4266 5,322 1,909 1,040 37,936 378 378 378 37 162 121 38 21 1,145 0 0 162 162 121 0 0 0 0 0 540 661 Energy Efficiency www.eqlenergy.com / 5

Integrated Demand Side Management Category Description Example dispatchable or scheduled firm capacity (MW) Demand Response, Curtailment, storage, DSG, CVR capacity Energy and Capacity Efficiency, permanent load shift, CHP, Solar, CVR energy TOU, CPP, PTR: enabled with technology and double savings NEEA, Strategic Energy Management, HEM, smart thermostats and information Class 1 non-dispatchable, firm energy (MWh) and capacity (MW) Class 2 price responsive energy (MWh) and capacity (MW) Non-incented energy and capacity through broad market transformation, customer education and communication Class 3 Class 4 Integrated DSM 1. Combine elements and values during planning and procurement 2. Combine Marketing and Customer perspective 3. Distribution Resource Planning 1. Details - season, time of day, duration per day, hours per year, MW amount, response time (day ahead, 10 minutes) 2. Capacity type - system capacity, contingency reserves (20 minute), balancing reserves (Inc/Dec) 3. Location and Value When considering load growth and T&D cost/constraints, DSM and DER will have different locational values and opportunities. www.eqlenergy.com / 12

1300MW Distributed Solar 2021 2500 2000 AverageAnnualGrowthRate2015-2035 ~ 5% Generation: ~ 230 MWa Roughly ~1.2% ofload 1500 Industrial? Commercial? 1000 Residential 500 0 1986? ? 1989? ? 1992? ?1995? ? 1998? ? 2001? ? 2004? ? 2007? ?2010? ? 2013? ? 2016? ? 2019? ? 2022? ?2025? ? 2028? ? 2031? ? 2034 NPCC 7th Plan forecast

Regulatory Effort Oregon - SB1547, SB1574, SB2193. State incentives for solar, storage, CHP OPUC UM1708 (PGE DR pilots), UM1716 (value of solar), UM1751 (storage), Implementation of SB1547, DR cost effectiveness WA SB2346, SB6166. State incentives for solar, storage, CHP. Distribution System Collaborative WUTC IRP rulemaking, PSE DR RFP (June 15, 2016), net metering, IOU IRPs, WA DISCo Montana/Idaho Utility IRPs avoid DERs and target NEM repeal

Oregon SB 1547 SB 1547 Implementation Timeline and Related PUC Dockets Draft Pacific Power IRP Update Annual QF Avoided Cost Update Annual QF Avoided Cost Update Transportation Electrification Applications Filed Initial Stakeholder Meeting RPS RPS Compliance Plans Filed (2015) Compliance Plans Filed (2016) Annual Power Cost Filed Annual Power Cost Filed May 2017 May 2016 July 2016 August 2016 October 2016 December 2016 February 2016 March 2016 January 2017 March 2017 June 2017 November 2017 January 2018 August 2017 October 2017 March 2018 RPS Implementation Plans (2016)* Community Solar Rulemaking Community Solar Program Implementation (Ongoing) Renewable Portfolio Standard Rulemaking Activity** RPS Implementation Plans (2018)* PacifiCorp Integrated Resource Plan* Competitive Bidding Guidelines Rulemaking Solar Capacity Standard Rulemaking Demand Response Transportation Electrification Rulemaking Transportation Electrification Application Development by Utilities Transportation Electrification Application Review HB 2941 Solar Incentive Report* Community-Based Renewables UM 1751 Storage (HB 2193) Guidelines* UM 1751 Storage (HB 2193) Utility Proposal Development* UM 1751 Storage (HB 2193) Proposal Review PGE Integrated Resource Plan* UM 1716 Resource Value of Solar (Phase 1)* UM 1716 Resource Value of Solar (Phase 2)* Energy Efficiency Avoided Cost Methodology Review *Existing PUC processes are in gray **RPS rulemaking and implementation dockets may include: Renewable Energy Certificate life rules and bundled requirements A review of implementation and compliance plan requirements A review of Alternative Compliance Payments Electricity Service Supplier bundled REC requirement Draft 4/14/2016 It is anticipated that there will be more than one docket opened to address changes in the RPS created by SB 1547.