ICTs for Development Course Overview
In this course session, Richard Heeks from GDI, University of Manchester, UK explores the relevance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in development initiatives. The content delves into defining ICT, exploring different scopes of ICT, and understanding various scopes of development. Through images and exercises, the course provides insights into the role of ICT in progressive change within developing countries.
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Presentation Transcript
Understanding ICT4D DRAFT ICTs for Development course Session 1
Is This ICT4D? DRAFT Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Image sources: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/2013/09/who-can-you-call/; http://www.indianneurosurgery.com/; http://www.elfinancierocr.com/finanzas/Walmart- ofrecera-clientes-alianza-Credomatic_0_389361074.htm; http://www.alternet.org/economy/black-lives-still-matter
Defining Information and Communication Knowledge DRAFT Information Data Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Image sources: http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/165206203/in-rural-china-new-leaders- aren-t-familiar-faces; http://www.flhsa.org/regional-leaders-chart-new-directions-for-improving-community- health; http://www.stephencodrington.com/Hub/HK_Blog/Entries/2008/3/12_What_an_experience_in_Majiang!.html
CIPSO View of ICT System Wider Information System Core Information System Store DRAFT Storage Retrieval Knowledge Process Data Capture Processed Data Information SOURCE RECIPIENT Input Output Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Adapted from Lucey (2005) and Laudon & Laudon (2016)
Exercise DRAFT Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Image source: http://www.indianneurosurgery.com/
Different Scopes of ICT Any entity that processes or communicates data in any form ICT Scope 3: All ICT DRAFT Any entity that processes or communicates data in electrical form ICT Scope 2: All Electrical ICT Any entity that processes or communicates digital data ICT Scope 1: All Digital ICT Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK
Different Scopes of Development Development Scope 1: Agenda- Specific Development Development Scope 2: Geography- Specific Development Development Scope 3: Generic Development DRAFT Any progressive change in a society developing country Any progressive change in a Particular progressive changes in a developing country Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK
What is a Developing Country? DRAFT Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Image source: http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/daclist.htm
Defining ICT4D DRAFT Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK
Development Paradigms Dominant Phases of Particular Development Paradigms 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s Modernisation Growth as development Technology transfer Transfer of ideas/values Dependency Core-periphery position within world system Breaking away Basic Needs Focus on basic needs High degree of state intervention (agricultural policies, credit, etc) Neo-Liberalism Beginning of retreat of the state Focus on markets getting prices right 1990s 2000s 2010s DRAFT Human Development Multi-dimensional micro-credit, gender, environment, poverty, etc. Greater focus on participatory methods Post-Development Idea and discourse of development as problematic Sustainable Development Meeting current needs without compromising future needs; especially environment International Development Goals Millennium Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Adapted from: Ellis & Biggs (2001) and Heeks (2009a)
Exercise Look online to find the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development DRAFT Goals (SDGs) and identify the ICT-specific targets within those goals. Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK
MDG 8F In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and DRAFT communications Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK
SDG 9C Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020 DRAFT - higher education scholarships (Goal 4 4B) - women s empowerment (Goal 5 5B) - innovation capacity (Goal 17 T17.8) Plus SDG targets that specifically identify ICTs in relation to: Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK
Critiques of ICT4D Development Paradigm Modernisation ICT Role ICTs transferred from global North have a central role in delivering economic growth and new cultural values ICTs transferred from global North could be exploitative, and greater emphasis should be on local development of ICTs which would have a central role in delivering economic growth Dependency DRAFT deliver social and other development outcomes for those on lowest incomes ICTs are not central but are carriers of discourse and sites for both exclusive and alternative approaches to development Neo-Liberalism ICTs have an important role in connected enterprises and countries to local and global markets, and in increasing the efficiency of and delivering alternatives to the state ICTs are not central but locally-appropriate digital applications could Human Development Post- Development Sustainable Development ICTs are not central and can deliver either sustainable and just, or unsustainable and unjust development depending on the type of application Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Source: developed from Prakash & De (2007) and Thapa & Saebo (2014)
Phases of ICT4D ICT4D 0.0 (1960s mid-1990s) Issue / Phase ICT4D 1.0 (mid-1990s mid- /late-2000s) Telecentre ICT4D 2.0 (mid-/late-2000s onwards) Mobile Phone Iconic Technology PC Database Key Application Data Processing Content (& Interaction) Consumers Services & Production The Poor Who? Innovators & Producers ?Growth & Development? Uptake & Impact DRAFT Ignore --> Isolate Key Goal Organisational Efficiency Technology's Potential Government MDGs Key Issue Readiness & Availability Donors & NGOs Key Actor All Sectors Attitude Idolise --> Integrate Integrate --> Innovate Para-Poor --> Per- Poor Tribrid of CS, IS and DS Innovation Model Northern Pro-Poor --> Para- Poor Informatics / Development Studies Dominant Discipline Information Systems Development Paradigm Modernisation Human Development ?Development 2.0? Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Source: Heeks (2009a)
Disciplinary Foundations for Development Informatics Sociology Science/ Technology Studies Organisation/ Management Studies DRAFT Informatics Development Studies Technology & Development Information Systems Development Informatics Information Science Communication Studies Computer Science Governance Economics Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Source: Heeks (2010c)
Design-Reality Gap Model Information Information Technology Technology Processes Processes Objectives and values Objectives and values DRAFT Skills and knowledge Skills and knowledge Management systems and structures Management systems and structures Other resources Other resources ICT4D System Design Reality Gap Richard Heeks, GDI, University of Manchester, UK Adapted from Heeks (2002b)
