IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 HE-LTF Sequence Design

IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 HE-LTF Sequence Design
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This document discusses the design of HE-LTF sequences as per IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 standard by multiple authors from various affiliations such as Huawei, Qualcomm, Broadcom, and Intel. It includes detailed information on authors, their addresses, phone numbers, and email contacts. The content also features images related to the authors and their affiliations.

  • IEEE standards
  • Sequence design
  • HE-LTF
  • Authors
  • Affiliations
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  1. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 HE-LTF Sequence Design Authors: Name Date: 2015-11-09 Address Affiliation Phone Email Le Liu liule@huawei.com +86-18028794213 Xin Xue xuexin@huawei.com F1-17, Huawei Base, Bantian, Shenzhen Ningjuan Wang wangningjuan@huawei.com Wei Lin Shimi Shilo Genadiy Tsodik Doron Ezri Jiayin Zhang Jun Luo lin.linwei@huawei.com shimi.shilo@huawei genadiy.tsodic@huawei.com Doron.Ezri@huawei.com 4 Ha'harash st., Hod Hasharon, Israel zhangjiayin@huawei.com jun.l@huawei.com 5B-N8, No.2222 Xinjinqiao Road, Pudong, Shanghai Huawei Yingpei Lin linyingpei@huawei.com Jiyong Pang pangjiyong@huawei.com Peter Loc peterloc@iwirelesstech.com Rob Sun Rob.Sun@huawei.com 303 Terry Fox, Suite 400 Kanata, Ottawa, Canada Junghoon Suh Junghoon.Suh@huawei.com 10180 Telesis Court, Suite 365, San Diego, CA 92121 NA Zhigang Rong zhigang.rong@huawei.com David X. Yang Yi Luo david.yangxun@huawei.com F1-17, Huawei Base, Bantian, Shenzhen Roy.luoyi@huawei.com Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 1

  2. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Authors (continued) Name Affiliation Address Phone Email 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA Straatweg 66-S Breukelen, 3621 BR Netherlands 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 1700 Technology Drive San Jose, CA 95110, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA Straatweg 66-S Breukelen, 3621 BR Netherlands 2100 Lakeside Boulevard Suite 475, Richardson TX 75082, USA 1060 Rincon Circle San Jose CA 95131, USA Straatweg 66-S Breukelen, 3621 BR Netherlands linyang@qti.qualcomm.com Lin Yang Alice Chen alicel@qti.qualcomm.com Albert Van Zelst allert@qti.qualcomm.com Alfred Asterjadhi aasterja@qti.qualcomm.com Arjun Bharadwaj arjunb@qti.qualcomm.com Bin Tian btian@qti.qualcomm.com Carlos Aldana caldana@qca.qualcomm.com Qualcomm George Cherian gcherian@qti.qualcomm.com Gwendolyn Barriac gbarriac@qti.qualcomm.com Hemanth Sampath hsampath@qti.qualcomm.com Menzo Wentink mwentink@qti.qualcomm.com Naveen Kakani nkakani@qti.qualcomm.com Raja Banerjea rajab@qit.qualcomm.com Richard Van Nee rvannee@qti.qualcomm.com Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 2

  3. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Authors (continued) Name Affiliation Address Phone Email 1700 Technology Drive San Jose, CA 95110, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 5775 Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA, USA 1700 Technology Drive San Jose, CA 95110, USA 1700 Technology Drive San Jose, CA 95110, USA 1700 Technology Drive San Jose, CA 95110, USA Rolf De Vegt rolfv@qca.qualcomm.com Sameer Vermani svverman@qti.qualcomm.com Simone Merlin smerlin@qti.qualcomm.com Tao Tian Qualcomm ttian@qti.qualcomm.com Tevfik Yucek tyucek@qca.qualcomm.com VK Jones vkjones@qca.qualcomm.com Youhan Kim youhank@qca.qualcomm.com Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 3

  4. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Authors (continued) Name Affiliation Address Phone Email Leo Montreuil leo.montreuil@broadcom.com Ron Porat rporat@broadcom.com Matthew Fischer Sriram Venkateswaran Andrew Blanksby Matthias Korb mfischer@broadcom.com Broadcom Vinko Erceg Robert Stacey robert.stacey@intel.com Shahrnaz Azizi shahrnaz.azizi@intel.com Po-Kai Huang po-kai.huang@intel.com Qinghua Li 2111 NE 25th Ave, Hillsboro OR 97124, USA quinghua.li@intel.com Xiaogang Chen +1-503-724-893 xiaogang.c.chen@intel.com Intel Chitto Ghosh chittabrata.ghosh@intel.com Laurent Cariou laurent.cariou@intel.com Yaron Alpert yaron.alpert@intel.com Assaf Gurevitz Ilan Sutskover assaf.gurevitz@intel.com ilan.sutskover@intel.com Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 4

  5. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Authors (continued) Name Affiliation Address Phone Email Hongyuan Zhang hongyuan@marvell.com Yakun Sun yakunsun@marvell.com Lei Wang Leileiw@marvell.com Liwen Chu liwenchu@marvell.com Jinjing Jiang jinjing@marvell.com Yan Zhang yzhang@marvell.com Rui Cao ruicao@marvell.com 5488 Marvell Lane, Santa Clara, CA, 95054 Sudhir Srinivasa Marvell 408-222-2500 sudhirs@marvell.com Bo Yu boyu@marvell.com Saga Tamhane sagar@marvell.com Mao Yu my@marvel..com Xiayu Zheng xzheng@marvell.com Christian Berger crberger@marvell.com Niranjan Grandhe ngrandhe@marvell.com Hui-Ling Lou hlou@marvell.com Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 5

  6. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Authors (continued) Name Affiliation Address Phone Email No. 1 Dusing 1st Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan James Yee +886-3-567-0766 james.yee@mediatek.com Alan Jauh alan.jauh@mediatek.com chinghwa.yu@mediatek.co m frank.hsu@mediatek.com Mediatek Chingwa Hu Frank Hsu 2860 Junction Ave, San Jose, CA 95134, USA Thomas Pare +1-408-526-1899 thomas.pare@mediatek.com chaochun.wang@mediatek.c om james.wang@mediatek.com ChaoChun Wang James Wang Mediatek USA Jianhan Liu Jianhan.Liu@mediatek.com Tianyu Wu tianyu.wu@mediatek.com Zhou Lan Zhou.lan@mediaTek.com russell.huang@mediatek.co m Russell Huang Joonsuk Kim joonsuk@apple.com mujtaba@apple.com Aon Mujtaba Guoqing Li Apple guoqing_li@apple.com Eric Wong ericwong@apple.com Chris Hartman chartman@apple.com Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 6

  7. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Authors (continued) Name Affiliation Address Phone Email Jinmin Kim Jinmin1230.kim@lge.com Kiseon Ryu kiseon.ryu@lge.com Jinyoung Chun jiny.chun@lge.com Jinsoo Choi js.choi@lge.com 19, Yangjae-daero 11gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137- 130, Korea Jeongki Kim jeongki.kim@lge.com LG Electronics Dongguk Lim dongguk.lim@lge.com Suhwook Kim suhwook.kim@lge.com Eunsung Park esung.park@lge.com JayH Park Hyunh.park@lge.com HanGyu Cho hg.cho@lge.com Thomas Derham Orange thomas.derham@orange.com #9 Wuxingduan, Xifeng Rd., Xi'an, China Bo Sun sun.bo1@zte.com.cn Kaiying Lv Yonggang Fang Ke Yao Weimin Xing Brian Hart Pooya Monajemi lv.kaiying@zte.com.cn yfang@ztetx.com yao.ke5@zte.com.cn xing.weimin@zte.com.cn brianh@cisco.com pmonajem@cisco.com ZTE 170 W Tasman Dr, San Jose, CA 95134 Cisco Systems Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 7

  8. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Authors (continued) Name Affiliation Address Innovation Park, Cambridge CB4 0DS (U.K.) Maetan 3-dong; Yongtong-Gu Suwon; South Korea 1301, E. Lookout Dr, Richardson TX 75070 Innovation Park, Cambridge CB4 0DS (U.K.) 1301, E. Lookout Dr, Richardson TX 75070 Maetan 3-dong; Yongtong-Gu Suwon; South Korea Phone Email Fei Tong f.tong@samsung.com +44 1223 434633 Hyunjeong Kang hyunjeong.kang@samsung.com +82-31-279-9028 Kaushik Josiam k.josiam@samsung.com (972) 761 7437 Samsung Mark Rison m.rison@samsung.com +44 1223 434600 Rakesh Taori rakesh.taori@samsung.com (972) 761 7470 Sanghyun Chang s29.chang@samsung.com +82-10-8864-1751 Yasushi Takatori takatori.yasushi@lab.ntt.co.jp Yasuhiko Inoue inoue.yasuhiko@lab.ntt.co.jp Shoko Shinohara Shinohara.shoko@lab.ntt.co.jp 1-1 Hikari-no-oka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0847 Japan NTT Yusuke Asai asai.yusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp Koichi Ishihara ishihara.koichi@lab.ntt.co.jp Junichi Iwatani Iwatani.junichi@lab.ntt.co.jp 3-6, Hikarinooka, Yokosuka- shi, Kanagawa, 239-8536, Japan Akira Yamada yamadaakira@nttdocomo.com watanabe@docomoinnovations. com hpapadopoulos@docomoinnova tions.com Fujio Watanabe NTT DOCOMO 3240 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 Haralabos Papadopoulos Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 8

  9. November, 2015 doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Authors (continued) Name Affiliation Address Phone Email Masahito Mori Masahito.Mori@jp.sony.com Yusuke Tanaka YusukeC.Tanaka@jp.sony.com Yuichi Morioka Sony Corp. Yuichi.Morioka@jp.sony.com Kazuyuki Sakoda Kazuyuki.Sakoda@am.sony.com William Carney William.Carney@am.sony.com Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 9

  10. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Introduction HE-LTF is used for channel estimation of 11ax data portion with 4x symbol length based on latest 20/40/80MHz OFDMA tone plan [1][2] To manage the PA distortion and ensure the channel estimation quality, it is important to reduce the PAPR of HE LTF, at least not larger than that of the HE Data field. For 20MHz, the use of 242-tone VHT-LTF with gamma as 20MHz HE-LTF results in high PAPR. For 40/80MHz, VHT-LTF cannot be reused. In this presentation, we propose the 20/40/80MHz HE-LTF sequences. = {1,1, 1, 1,1,1, 1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1, 1,1,1, 1, 1,1,1, 1,1, 1,1,1,1,1} {1, 1, 1,1,1, 1,1, 1,1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,1,1, 1, 1,1, 1,1, 1,1,1,1,1} = LTF LTF left Gamma=[+164,-164, -164 ,-164] right = , 1, 1, 1,1,1, 1,1, 1,1,1, 1, { ,1, ,1, , VHTLTF LTF LTF LTF LTF 122,122 left right left right 1, 1,1, 1,0,0,0,1, 1, 1,1, ,1, left LTF LTF , 1, 1, 1,1,1, 1,1, 1,1,1, 1, ,1, } LTF LTF right left right Worst PAPR of VHT-LTF-122,122w/ gamma@20MHz 5.97 6.13 5.34 6.52 7.35 5.85 6.96 7.03 6.41 6.44 7.29 6.21 6.61 6.34 5.69 6.53 Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 10

  11. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Consideration on HE-LTF Sequence Optimize PAPR of HE-LTF considering the following cases Single RU of small size and large size for UL OFDMA due to relatively poor amplifier at STA side Numerous combinations of RU allocation in DL OFDMA AP may not fill all the OFDMA allocations so that we need examine some typical scenarios. Impact from single stream pilot [3] The tones except single-stream pilot tones are multiplied with P-matrix Limit the tone mapping of HE-LTF as well as HE-STF same as that of the payload. It is much simpler and cleaner to only occupy tones that are actually used in the payload and scale power for payload and HE-LTF/STF in the same way. If HE-LTF doesn t follow the exact allocation it complicates power normalization and adds interference (when large allocations are unused). Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 11

  12. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 HE-LTF of 80MHz Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 12

  13. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 4x HE-LTF of 80MHz (1/2) 4x HE-LTF996 (-500,500) = {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1,... +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1,... +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1,... +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1,... +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1,... +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1,... -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1,... -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1,... +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1,... -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1,... +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1,... -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,... Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 13

  14. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 4x HE-LTF of 80MHz (2/2) +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1,... +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,... +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1,... -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,... +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1,... +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1,... -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1,... +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1,... +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1,... +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1,... +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1,... -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1,... +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1,... +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1} Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 14

  15. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 2x HE-LTF of 80MHz 2x HE-LTF996 (-500:2:500) = {+1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1,... +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1,... +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1,... +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1,... -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1,... -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1,... -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1,... +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, 0, 0, 0, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1,... -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1,... -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1,... -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1,... -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1,... +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1} Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 15

  16. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 UL PAPR of 80MHz 4x HE-LTF PAPR reduction over VHT-LTF Worst PAPR (dB) of proposed HE-LTF @80MHz -1.6~-3.6 -1.2~-2.2 -1.03 -1.03 3.783.783.783.78 3.783.783.783.783.783.783.783.78 3.783.783.783.78 3.783.783.783.78 3.783.783.783.783.783.783.783.78 3.783.783.783.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 4.97 4.44 4.97 4.44 4.97 4.44 4.97 4.44 4.97 4.44 4.97 4.44 4.97 4.44 4.97 4.44 4.25 5.38 5.35 5.31 5.53 5.48 5.50 5.48 5.50 5.50 5.51 5.60 5.53 5.96 6.00 6.29 Note: Worst PAPR is the max PAPR for the HE-LTF tones except pilot tones multiplied by elements of 2x2, 4x4, 6x6, 8x8 P matrix The proposed HE-LTF of 80MHz has uniform worst case PAPR distribution and lower PAPR than that of VHT-LTF for 26/52/106/242-RU sizes (all<6.4dB). Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 16

  17. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 UL PAPR of 80MHz 2x HE-LTF PAPR reduction over VHT-LTF Worst PAPR (dB) of proposed HE-LTF @80MHz -0.9~-2.9 -1.5~-1.9 -0.76 -0.95 4.464.464.464.46 4.464.464.464.46 4.464.464.464.464.464.464.464.46 4.464.464.464.46 4.464.464.464.464.464.464.464.46 4.464.464.464.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.37 5.42 5.41 5.42 5.41 5.41 5.42 5.41 5.42 5.58 5.58 5.58 5.58 6.29 6.40 6.08 Note: Worst PAPR is the max PAPR for the HE-LTF tones except pilot tones multiplied by elements of 2x2, 4x4, 6x6, 8x8 P matrix The proposed HE-LTF of 80MHz has uniform worst case PAPR distribution and lower PAPR than that of VHT-LTF for 26/52/106/242-RU sizes (all<6.4dB). Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 17

  18. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 DL PAPR of 80MHz 4x/2x HE-LTF Combinations of RU allocation in DL OFDMA Test cases of 80MHz Worst PAPR in dB 4x HE-LTF 2x HE-LTF RU-996 6.29 6.08 RU484 + RU26 + RU484 6.67 6.99 RU484 + RU26 + RU484 6.64 6.55 RU242 + RU242 + RU26 + RU242 + RU242 6.64 6.55 RU-242 + RU-242 + RU-26 + RU-242 + RU-242 7.68 6.87 RU-242 + RU-242 + RU-26 + RU-242 + RU-242 6.64 6.55 RU106 + RU26 +RU106 +RU242+RU26+ RU242+RU242 7.41 7.43 Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 18

  19. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 HE-LTF of 40MHz Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 19

  20. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 4x HE-LTF of 40MHz 4x HE-LTF484 (-244,244) = { +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, ... -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, ... +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, ... -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, ... +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, ... +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, ... +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, ... +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, ... -1, +1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, ... -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, ... +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, ... +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, ... -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, ... +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, ... -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, ... +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, ... -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1 } Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 20

  21. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 2x HE-LTF of 40MHz 2x HE-LTF484 (-244:2:244) = { +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, ... -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, ... +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, ... +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, ... -1, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, ... +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, ... +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, ... -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, ... +1, -1, +1, -1, +1 } Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 21

  22. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 UL PAPR of 40MHz 4x HE-LTF pilots tone index -238 -212 -170 -144 -104 -78 -36 -10 10 36 78 104 144 170 212 238 -224 -198 -184 -158 -130 -116 -90 -64 -50 -24 24 50 64 90 116 130 158 184 198 224 5 DC 12 Edge 26 11 Edge 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 DC 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 26 11 Edge 26 12 Edge 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 DC 11 Edge 12 Edge 102+4 102+4 102+4 102+4 26 26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 DC 11 Edge 242 12 Edge 242 HE40 484-tone + 5DC 12 Edge 12 Edge 11 Edge 11 Edge PAPR reduction over VHT-LTF Worst PAPR (dB) of proposed HE-LTF @40MHz +0.5~-2.9 -0.4~-1.1 -1.1 -0.7~-0.8 5.86 4.89 5.86 4.89 5.38 5.91 5.86 4.89 5.86 4.89 4.48 5.97 4.48 5.97 5.38 5.51 5.84 4.48 5.97 4.48 5.97 5.76 5.61 5.97 5.86 5.51 5.76 6.00 6.00 5.23 5.77 5.87 5.47 Note: Worst PAPR is the max PAPR for the HE-LTF tones except pilot tones multiplied by elements of 2x2, 4x4, 6x6, 8x8 P matrix The proposed HE-LTF of 40MHz has uniform worst case PAPR distribution and lower PAPR than that of VHT-LTF for 26/52/106/242-RU sizes (all<6dB) Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 22

  23. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 UL PAPR of 40MHz 2x HE-LTF pilots tone index -238 -212 -170 -144 -104 -78 -36 -10 10 36 78 104 144 170 212 238 -224 -198 -184 -158 -130 -116 -90 -64 -50 -24 24 50 64 90 116 130 158 184 198 224 5 DC 12 Edge 26 11 Edge 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 DC 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 26 11 Edge 26 12 Edge 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 DC 11 Edge 12 Edge 102+4 102+4 102+4 102+4 26 26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 DC 11 Edge 242 12 Edge 242 HE40 484-tone + 5DC 12 Edge 12 Edge 11 Edge 11 Edge PAPR reduction over VHT-LTF Worst PAPR (dB) of proposed HE-LTF @40MHz -0.7~-2.8 -0.8~-1.6 -1.06 -0.90 4.60 4.98 4.60 4.98 5.29 5.28 4.60 4.98 4.60 4.98 4.60 4.98 4.60 4.98 5.29 5.04 5.49 4.60 4.98 4.60 4.98 5.45 5.99 4.98 4.60 5.04 5.45 5.02 5.02 5.29 5.89 5.66 5.84 Note: Worst PAPR is the max PAPR for the HE-LTF tones except pilot tones multiplied by elements of 2x2, 4x4, 6x6, 8x8 P matrix The proposed HE-LTF of 40MHz has uniform worst case PAPR distribution and lower PAPR than that of VHT-LTF for 26/52/106/242-RU sizes (all<6dB) Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 23

  24. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 DL PAPR of 40MHz 4x/2x HE-LTF Combinations of RU allocation in DL OFDMA Test cases of 40MHz Worst PAPR in dB 4x HE-LTF 2x HE-LTF RU-484 5.47 5.84 row of 52-RU all occupied but no mid-center 26-RUs 6.2374 6.7597 RU-106 + RU-26 +RU-106 + RU-106 + RU-26 + RU-106 6.3889 6.3896 RU-106 + RU-26 +RU-106 + RU-106 + RU-26 + RU-106 6.5135 6.7331 RU-106 + RU-26 +RU-106 + RU-106 + RU-26 + RU-106 7.1483 7.3391 RU-106 + RU-26 +RU-106 + RU-106 + RU-26 + RU-106 6.6231 6.6331 Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 24

  25. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 HE-LTF of 20MHz Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 25

  26. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 4x/2x HE-LTF of 20MHz 4x HE-LTF242 (-122:122) = [ -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, ... +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, ... -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, ... -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, ... +1, 0, 0, 0, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, ... +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, ... +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, ... -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, ... -1, +1, -1, +1, +1 ]; 2x HE-LTF242 (-122:2:122) = [ -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, ... +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, ... +1, 0, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, ... -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, ... +1, -1, +1 ]; Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 26

  27. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 UL PAPR of 20MHz 4x HE-LTF -116 -90 -48 -22 22 48 90 116 -102 -76 -62 -36 -10 10 36 62 76 102 pilot tone index 7 6 Edge 5 Edge 26 26 26 26 26 26 13 26 26 1 13 1 1 DC 1 7 DC 5 Edge 6 Edge 52 52 52 52 13 13 1 1 1 1 7 5 Edge 6 Edge 102+4 pilots 102+4 pilots 13 13 DC 5 Edge 6 Edge 242 + 3 DC HE20 PAPR reduction over VHT-LTF Worst PAPR (dB) of proposed HE-LTF @20MHz -1.7~-3.6 3.78 3.67 3.67 3.78 3.78 3.67 3.67 3.78 3.82 -1.1~-1.7 4.90 5.12 5.12 4.90 -0.4~-1.5 4.81 5.30 -1.2 5.36 Note: Worst PAPR is the max PAPR for the HE-LTF tones except pilot tones multiplied by elements of 2x2, 4x4, 6x6, 8x8 P matrix The proposed HE-LTF of 20MHz has uniform worst case PAPR distribution and lower PAPR than that of VHT-LTF for 26/52/106/242-RU sizes (all<5.4dB) Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 27

  28. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 UL PAPR of 20MHz 2x HE-LTF -116 -90 -48 -22 22 48 90 116 -102 -76 -62 -36 -10 10 36 62 76 102 pilot tone index 7 6 Edge 5 Edge 26 26 26 26 26 26 13 26 26 1 13 1 1 DC 1 7 DC 5 Edge 6 Edge 52 52 52 52 13 13 1 1 1 1 7 5 Edge 6 Edge 102+4 pilots 102+4 pilots 13 13 DC 5 Edge 6 Edge 242 + 3 DC HE20 PAPR reduction over VHT-LTF Worst PAPR (dB) of proposed HE-LTF @20MHz -0.9~-2.8 4.51 4.32 4.46 4.51 4.51 4.32 4.46 4.51 4.10 -2.0~-2.3 4.20 4.29 4.20 4.29 -0.8~-1.7 4.59 4.92 -1.3 5.24 Note: Worst PAPR is the max PAPR for the HE-LTF tones except pilot tones multiplied by elements of 2x2, 4x4, 6x6, 8x8 P matrix The proposed HE-LTF of 20MHz has uniform worst case PAPR distribution and lower PAPR than that of VHT-LTF for 26/52/106/242-RU sizes (all<5.4dB) Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 28

  29. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 DL PAPR of 20MHz 4x/2x HE-LTF Combinations of RU allocation in DL OFDMA Test cases of 40MHz Worst PAPR in dB 4x HE-LTF 2x HE-LTF RU-242 5.36 5.24 RU106 + RU26 + RU106 5.67 5.14 RU52 + RU52 + RU26 + RU52 + RU52 5.59 4.58 Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 29

  30. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Gamma (tone rotation) in 11ax In 11ac, the VHT-LTF of 40/80MHz use two and four repetition of the 20 MHz VHT- LTF, leading to high PAPR. Gamma is used to reduce the PAPR. In 11ax, HE-LTF preamble sequences are optimized for low PAPR in 80/40/20MHz. No additional tone rotation required. Scaling by 4x the indices of the 11ac gamma tone rotation requires changing the value within all the RU and not on the boundary highly undesirable Using a tone rotation just complicates the enumeration of the sequence in the spec and the implementation of OFDMA Gamma is not really needed for payload or HE-LTF/STF Propose to not apply Gamma on HE-STF and beyond -500 -259 -258 :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: -256 Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 30

  31. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Summary We propose The 4x/2x HE-LTF sequences for 80/40/20MHz with optimized PAPR for DL/UL OFDMA. In all transmission modes, HE-STF and HE-LTF only populate RUs that are populated in the data field. Do not apply Gamma on HE-STF and beyond. Submission Slide 31 Le Liu, Huawei, et. al.

  32. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 References [1] 11-15-0330-05-00ax-ofdma-numerology-and-structure [2] 11-15-0819-01-00ax-11ax-ofdma-tone-plan-leftover-tones-and-pilot- structure [3] 11-15-0812-01-00ax-pilot-design-for-data-section Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 32

  33. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 SP#1 Do you support to add to SFD 4x/2x HE-LTF sequences for 80MHz in slide 13-15 4x/2x HE-LTF sequences for 40MHz in slide 20-21 4x/2x HE-LTF sequences for 20MHz in slide 26 Y N A Slide 33 Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al.

  34. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 SP#2 Do you support to add to SFD In all transmission modes, HE-STF and HE-LTF only populate RUs that are populated in the data field. Y N A Submission Slide 34 Le Liu, Huawei, et. al.

  35. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 SP#3 Do you support to add to SFD Gamma (tone rotation as defined in 22.3.7.5) is not applied on HE-STF and beyond. TBD in case of a duplicated HE PPDU (if ever defined) Y N A Submission Slide 35 Le Liu, Huawei, et. al.

  36. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Appendix: QAM Data PAPR 1 RU-26 RU-52 RU-106 RU-242 + 3DC RU-484 + 5DC RU-996 + 5DC 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 CDF 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PAPR (dB) Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 36

  37. doc.: IEEE 802.11-15/1334r1 Appendix: P-matrix w = exp(-1i*2*pi/6); 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 w w w w w 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 w w w w w 1 1 w w w w w 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 = 6 6 P 3 6 9 12 15 3 6 9 12 15 4 8 12 16 20 4 8 12 16 20 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 1 1 1 1 w 1 1 1 = P 1 2 4 5 1 w w w 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 w w 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 w w 1 1 1 1 w w 1 2 4 5 1 2 4 5 1 1 w w w w w w w w w w 2 4 8 10 2 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 w w 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 8 16 20 4 2 4 2 1 1 w w w w w w w w w w w w w w 5 10 20 25 5 4 2 1 1 1 Submission Le Liu, Huawei, et. al. Slide 37

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