Improved Air Pollution Solutions in Zlatibor District

AIR IMPROVED AIR POLLUTION IN ZLATIBOR DISTRICT IMPROVED SOLUTION POLLUTION IN ZLATIBOR DISTRICT AND SOLUTION AND M. R.Cvijovi 1, M. M. Muri 2, V. V . udi 3, 1 Impol Seval , Sevojno, U ice, Republic of Serbia 2Academy of Vocational Studies of Western Serbia, U ice, Republic of Serbia 3PWW LLC, Office in Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia Corresponding author: miracvijovic970@gmail.com Corresponding author: miracvijovic970@gmail.com

The of accelerated factor of cardiovascular diseases and premature death in adults and pulmonary diseases in children by improved material for filter, reduce harmful effects of air polutant. The aim aim is to make a contribution in solving air pollution, as one Focus is improved material for filters that should capturing PM 2,5 and lower diameter emitted from 3dominat air pollution sources in U ice and Kosjeri . Target heating season is actual, industrial production increased due to the failure of the annual plan). Target period period is autumn-winter (traffic is more heavy, the Vasoconstriction is more pronounced due to low T, high humidity, so cardiovascular and vascular problems increase.

The analysed dataset includes PM10, PM2.5 mass concentrations, obtained by reference Sven Leckel samplers Daily concentrations of trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb, Cr (VI) and BaP determined by techniques: gravimetry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Agilent GC 6890 MSD 5975) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (THERMO Scientific iCAP 6000 with software iTEVA) according to standards EN 12341 and EN 14902. Improved sintered filters analysed by Universal Camera Microscope Me F2, Reichert, Austria by, SEM microcopy, permeability test for sintered and coating materials according to standards SRPS EN ISO 4022: 2012 and MPIF STD 39 and 32 . [1 [1.] F .] F. Mercier et al., J of Chromat. A, vol 1615 (2020) 460768, 1 . Mercier et al., J of Chromat. A, vol 1615 (2020) 460768, 1- -13 13

Figure 1a :Uice Figure 1b: Kosjeri The towns are specific due to geographical configuration, (surround by hills), rivers nearby, climate change manifestation: temperature inversion, high humidity during autumn winter period, external air pollution sources impact) Target 1. heating plant: fuel oil, coal 2. heavy traffic 3. industrial zone Target sources of air pollution sources of air pollution [ [2 2]. Health: A Review of the Effect of Environmental Stressors on Cardiovascular Diseases Across Epidemiology and Biological Mechanisms, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2017, 23, 3247 ]. P. Health: A Review of the Effect of Environmental Stressors on Cardiovascular Diseases Across Epidemiology and Biological Mechanisms, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2017, 23, 3247- -3261 P. Giorginia Giorginia, P. Di , P. Di Giosiaa Giosiaa, M. , M. Petrarcaa Petrarcaa, F. , F. Lattanziob Lattanziob, C. A. , C. A. Stamerraa Stamerraa , C. , C. Ferria Ferria Climate Changes and Human Climate Changes and Human 3261

Analysis of air pollution in Uice and Kosjeri, for last 5 years The towns are periodically heavily polluted and exceeded the limit value for pollutants: PM10, PM2,5 (Kosjeri ) soot, (U ice) NOx, SO2, heavy metals Ni , As, Cd, Pb (total Cr and Cr (VI) in Kosjeri ) 1. 2. Figure Figure 2 2. The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Ni, Pb) and humidity during 2020. in U ice Statistical data are compared with similar data from Holland, China, Russia and Ukraine and former Yugoslavia countries. [ [3 3] ] . .C C. A. Pope III, Lung of [ [4 4]. A. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.306458 . A. Pope III, R. T. Burnett, Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: of the Exposure ]. A. Bhatnagar, doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.306458 R. T. Burnett, M. C. Turner, M. C. Turner, A. Cohen, A. Cohen, D. D. Krewski Krewski, M , M Jerrett Jerrett, , S. M. S. M. Gapstur Gapstur, M.J. Thun , M.J. Thun Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape the Exposure Response Bhatnagar, Environmental Shape 119 , N 11, 2011 Response Relationships, Environmental Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease Relationships, Environmental Health Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease Circ Environmental Health Perspectives, Perspectives, vol Circ Res. 2017 July 07; 121(2): 162 vol 119 , N 11, 2011 Res. 2017 July 07; 121(2): 162 180. 180.

Soot Soot monthly monthly values during 2020. year values during 2020. year 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Figure 3 Figure 3. The average monthly concetration of soot during 2020 year [5].G. Kova evi , V. Tomi -Spiri , J. Marinkovi , S. Jankovi , A. irkovi , A. Milo evi Djeri , M. Eri , J. Jankovi , Short- term effects of air pollution on exacerbations of allergic asthma in U ice region, Serbia Advances in Dermatology and Allergology 2020; XXXVII (3): 377 383 3, 2020 [ [6 6] ] Y. Lin,X. Huang,Y. Liu, D. Cao,D. Lu,Z. Feng,Q. Liu, Z. Lin,G. Anal Chem 2021 May 4;93(17):6665-6672.

The leading cause of death in Russia, Ukraine and Serbia. Many air pollutants damage the heart and blood vessels, have impact to pulmonary diseases. Especially PM 2.5 particles have negative impact to cardipulmonary diseases. Environmental contaminants originate from multiple sources, vehicle exhaust emissions, industrial and heating processes and induce various toxicological effects, such as carcinogenesis, atherogenesis, and teratogenesis. From 1990 air pollution has higher effect to cardiovascular then to respiratory diseases. The chemical polutants associated with atherosclerosis are: organic compound, arsenic (arsenic trioxide (As2O3) , the most prevalent in air), cadmium, suspended particles PM 10, PM 2.5, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, soot. Most pollutants lead to hypertension and arrhythmia. Heart damage is the most common due to damage to the endothelial barrier in blood vessels and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, as well as stimulation of the inflammatory response. Markers of myocyte necrosis are troponins and inflamatory markers, markers of cardiac function and EKG finding are analyzed for last 5 years and for inhabitants from target area The 3 confirmatory blood markers: troponin, CRP, pro-BNP for seriously cardio problems. Oxidative stress and inflammation body, although the ability of these nanoparticle fractions of PM to translocate into the circulation could also account for the widespread effects of PM around, including myocardial infarction and stroke. inflammation remain key pathways by which inhaled PM may cause harmful effect to the [ [7 7] ].R, Miller , D. E . Newby Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: car sick, Cardiovacular research, pp 1-16, European Society of Cardiology , 2019 [ [8 8] ].Cardiovascular diseases, How to overcome the leading cause of death in Serbia , Ministry of Health Serbia, 2014, www.world heart federation/what we do /advocacy 25 by 25 [ [9 9] ].G. Kova evi , V. Tomi -Spiri , J. Marinkovi , S. Jankovi , A. irkovi , A. Milo evi Djeri , M. Eri , J. Jankovi , Short-term effects of air pollution on exacerbations of allergic asthma in U ice region, Serbia Advances in Dermatology and Allergology 2020; XXXVII (3): 377 383 3, 2020

Disease groups Disease groups Autumn winter 2016/17 9690 7226 7214 661 586 134 428 Autumn- - winter 2016/17 Autumn- - winter 2017/18 Autumn winter 2017/18 6561 4764 4743 541 341 70 292 Autumn- - winter 2018/19 Autumn winter 2018/19 4664 3140 3133 457 318 52 244 Autumn- - winter 2019/20 Autumn winter 2019/20 4887 3374 3361 523 302 62 228 Autumn winter 2020/21 2811 2053 2044 253 146 40 139 Autumn- - winter 2020/21 with diseases of greater importance with diseases of greater importance Diseases of the cardivascular system Diseases caused by hypertension Essential hypertension Conductive system disorders and cardiac arrhythmias Ischemic heart disease Acute myocardial infarction Heart muscle disease, inflammation of the heart and heart sac, valve disease Pulmonary embolism Decompensated heart failure Vein diseases Cerebrovascular diseases A stroke (cerebral infarction, bleeding) Artery disease (atherosclerosis, aneurysms, emboli, thrombosis ...) Diseases of the pulmonary system Diseases of the upper respiratory system Acute infections Chronic inflammation, polyps, pus.. Diseases of the lower respiratory system Acute bronchitis /bronchitis Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and obstructive pulmonary disease Bronchial asthma Pneumonia Diseases of the cardivascular system Diseases caused by hypertension Essential hypertension Conductive system disorders and cardiac arrhythmias Ischemic heart disease Acute myocardial infarction Heart muscle disease, inflammation of the heart and heart sac, valve disease Pulmonary embolism Decompensated heart failure Vein diseases Cerebrovascular diseases A stroke (cerebral infarction, bleeding) Artery disease (atherosclerosis, aneurysms, emboli, thrombosis ...) Diseases of the pulmonary system Diseases of the upper respiratory system Acute infections Chronic inflammation, polyps, pus.. Diseases of the lower respiratory system Acute bronchitis /bronchitis Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and obstructive pulmonary disease Bronchial asthma Pneumonia 13 21 361 230 183 7 4 11 7 234 138 70 8 4 17 2 89 53 33 313 179 109 219 141 70 120 83 89 71 49 16061 12364 11889 475 3697 1850 547 19481 15389 14710 679 4092 2122 210 13359 10921 10358 563 2438 1303 204 14454 11446 10840 606 3008 877 446 9169 7170 6886 284 1999 476 59 1063 154 1583 123 771 107 1078 562 849 579

Kosjeri PM2.5 g.m Kosjeri PM2.5 g.m- -3 3 300 250 200 150 Kosjeri AOP PM2.5 g.m-3 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Figure 4 Figure 4. Hourly value for PM 2.5 particles on 1st january 2020.

The filters will be with improving performance in accordance with the purpose and lowering the price. 1. Powders of 2 granulations were selected:100-200 microns and 200 -300 microns, from commercial powder 316 L, austenitic non-magnetic steel 2. Samples are pressed by 100 tons . 3. Two types of edges have been tested, some correction are done on the tools for making filters. 4. Sintering of test flat filters samples of density 3,9 and 4,1 g/cm3, in the furnace in the atmosphere mixed gas 75% H2 and 25% N2 and in the furnace in the atmosphere of pure H2 5. Succes achieved in physical characteristics based on the permeability test, a pore size , densities of 3.9 and 4.1 g/cm3 (density analysis, 3.99 (3.90) g/cm3, porosity is close to the theoretically expected 49.18 (48.30%). Figure 35c: Microstructure for 5,5 mg/cm3 density filter Figure 5b : Microstructure for 3,8 mg/cm3 density filter Figure 5a: Permeability test for different density flat filters [ [10 Heinemann, Amsterdam 2005 [ [11 10] ]. Suk-Joong L.Kang, Sintering, Densification, Grain Growth And Microstructure, Elsevier Butterworth- 11] ]. M. N. Rahaman, Ceramic Processing and Sintering, Marcell Deckker Inc , 2 nd Edition, New York

Focus on prevetion increase diseases and air pollution Novelty of the research; new product - steel powder materials, ceramic, Sn spherical bronze, active charcoal, with improved characteristics for selective particle collection, multiple filtration Expected results : lower cost of filters and better efficiency technical compliance requires European standards for cars regardless of the diesel, correct dph filters, heating plant on fuel oil higher efficiency Impact on surrounding; to reduce mortality from cardiovascular disease (50.000 inhabitants per year in range of 25-64 age), to reduce number of pulmonary problems by reducing exposure to air pollutants , In reduce by by for industry and children that have astma and similar In this reduce cardiovascular by 25 by the this way 25% %, , including the World way we cardiovascular mortality, including diabetes World Heart we should should give diabetes and Heart Federation give some mortality, the and pulmonary Federation. . some impact the biggest pulmonary embolism impact to biggest cause to t the embolism till he global cause of global target of mortality till 2025 target to mortality 2025. . to

Prevention Action new products for air purification Increase economic status ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Jasmina Kne evi from Serbian Agency for Environmental Belgrade , Serbia , Ana udi from Amsterdam, student of Medicine, Vrije , Holland, Ratomirka Jovanovi from The Association of Women of the Village Potpe a, Nada Milo evi from Special hospital igota , Marina Kremi Nikola Malid an and Vera Zari from Primary Helth Center in U ice ACKNOWLEDGEMENT : To Colegues u kovi Dragan, Katarina Ristovi , Du ica Ra kovi from Helth Institute U ice

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