Insights into Channel and Environmental Models for Human and Vehicle Body Area Networks (HBAN & VBAN)
Explore the development and definition of channel and environmental models for Wireless Specialty Networks, specifically focusing on HBAN and VBAN for wireless medical body area networks. This submission offers material for discussion in the IEEE P802.15.6a Working Group, addressing EMC/EMI issues and proposing key models for different scenarios.
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September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Specialty Networks Submission Title: SG15.6a Channel and Environmental Models Including EMC/EMI of Human and Vehicle Body Area Networks(HBAN and VBAN) Date Submitted: September 15th, 2021 Source: Takumi Kobayashi, Minsoo Kim, Marco Hernandez, Ryuji Kohno Company: (1)Yokohama National University (2) YRP International Alliance Institute Address: (1)79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501 Japan, (2) YRP1 Blg., 3-4 HikarinoOka, Yokosuka-City, Kanagawa, 239-0847 Japan Voice:[+81-90-5408-0611] E-Mail:[minsoo@minsookim.com, kobayashi-takumi-ch@ynu.ac.jp, marco.hernandez@ieee.org, kohno@ynu.ac.jp, Kohno@yrp-iai.jp] Re: In response to call for technical contributions Abstract: This provides how channel and environmental model should be defined and developed for human body area network(HBAN) and vehicle body area network(VBAN) for amendment of IEEE802.15.6-2012 for wireless medical body area network(BAN) with enhanced dependability. Purpose: Material for discussion in P802.15.6a SG corresponding to comments in EC Meeting Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Slide 1 Submission T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a SG15.6a Channel and Environmental Models of Human and Vehicle Body Area Networks (HBAN and VBAN)Including EMC/EMI Issues Takumi Kobayashi(1,2), Marco Hernandez(2), Minsoo Kim(2), Ryuji Kohno(1,2) (1)YNU, (2)YRP-IAI Submission Slide 2 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Channel models and scenarios in IEEE802.15.6-2012 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a IEEE P802.15-08-0780-12-0006-TG6 IEEE 802.15.6-2012 channel models considered Fading ( Small scale/ large scale) Path loss Shadowing Power delay profile In-body (implant) On-body (body surface) CM1, 2, 3, 4 Scenario 1, to Scenario 7. (S1 S7) Submission Slide 3 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Classification of Channel and Environment Models for Human and Vehicle Body Area Networks (HBAN&VBAN) Channel model On-body Around body not covered yet Channel model With environ ment Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Covered by IEEE 802.15.6-2012 HBAN model In-body (Implant) Around meaning; Desk, WiFi AP in the room etc. Outdoor Indoor Home Office Medical (e.g. Hospital) VBAN model In-vehicle Engine room Cabin Through engine room and cabin mandatory Note: HBAN-model: -Environment with co-existing systems is not considered. On-vehicle Around vehicle Roof Side Right/Left/Front/back Bottom Static vehicle Moving vehicle VBAN model: Key-less entry system Localization in-body, on-body Most dominant model should be defined and separatory defined as Mandatory and Optional. mandatory mandatory 4 Submission T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Channel and Environmental Models Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a will be defined in this amendment Environment model Channel model Environment model Channel model 1. Path loss 2. Reflection 3. Multipath 4. Fading 5. LOS / NLOS model 6. White Gaussian noise IEEE802.15.6-2012 Other wireless systems EMI EMC Time-varying modeling Colored noise 7. Interference from co-existing wireless systems e.g. Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4 etc. 8. Interference from the other BANs. 9. Interference from the other electric systems, devices and components (Electro-magnetic interference; EMI from electric motors, spark plugs in vehicles, etc. 10. Electro-magnetic compatibility; EMC. Possibility to affect to the other systems and human body. 11. VBAN HBAN interference 12. VBAN and HBAN Vehicle control and human body impacts. 13. Colored noise (Impulse noise, spike noise, ignition noise etc.) 14. Time-varying channel and interference modeling (Statistic, non-static, pseudo static model) mandatory optional mandatory mandatory Comments in May 2021. optional or ? mandatory or ? mandatory optional mandatory optional Submission Slide 5 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Various Interference in Coexistence Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a IEEE 802.11a (wi-fi) 5GHz overlaps Other UWB system. e.g. IEEE 802.15.4-2020 IEEE 802.15.4z User B UWB-WBAN IEEE 802.15.6 Other BAN Other UWB- BAN user interference user interference Other NB-BAN User A . A wants to connect to B . user Inter-system interference Inter-user interference IUI Inter-BAN interference IBI ISI Interference from a system using the same standard. VBAN HBAN interference Interference from a system using overlapped frequency Unknown signal. EMI / EMC issues Known signal. Pre-knowledge can be used to mitigation Submission Slide 6 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Automotive Systems and EMC Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a The inclusion of new technologies in automotive systems has resulted in new challenges across the radio spectrum Submission Slide 7 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Today s electronic and electric systems in vehicles contain many more active components than in the past. Those components and assemblies may emit electromagnetic (EM) noise, or be exposed to external sources of energy/EM noise, resulting in unanticipated changes in systems operation (vehicle s control, on-board radio equipment) Wireless/radio equipment: cellular communications, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, automotive radar, sensors, infotainment, GPS, etc. Assemblies include high speed digital circuits that may be radiating EM noise. Submission Slide 8 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Environment Model in Vehicle Engine/Motor room environment model 1. Engine/motor diagnostic sensor and controller 2. Air pressure sensor, wheel health sensor and controller 3. Transmission monitoring sensor and controller Cabin room environment model 4. Cabin environment sensor (temperature, brightness, humidity etc.) 5. Sheet sensor, health care sensors for driver 6. Sheet sensor, health care sensors for passenger Note: Various type of car/vehicles Bus, Bulldozer, Heavy construction equipment needed each different sensors. 4 2 5 1 3 6 https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/transparent-car-design-wire-model3d-illustration-my-own-car- design-picture-id594040008?k=6&m=594040008&s=612x612&w=0&h=XE8LiBjpM51aB4pH2CFt6- MT6IvALRPnlxPcac0RXhg= Submission 9 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Engine/Motor Room Environment Many metallic components Components existing in densely Ignition noise, motor noise Especially EV Larger path-loss than free propagation A lot of reflection of RF signal Electro-magnetic interference, EMI issues https://www.as-web.jp/car/575374/attachment/03a_sub_dsc01273 Ignition coil Spark plug Electric generator Electric motor High current battery and cable Submission 10 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Electromagnetic Environment Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Front object CCD camera Rear object monitor CCD camera Lane departure system Night vision Blind spot detection Front airbag sensors Rear camera Nighttime pedestrian warning Cross traffic alert Drowsiness sensos Rear object laser radar Front object laser radar Side airbag SRS Tire pressure sensor Automatic brake actuator Tire pressure sensor Central computer Steering angle sensor Wheel speed sensor Wheel speed sensor Adaptive cruise control Active park assist Nighttime pedestrian warning IR sensor Sensors, monitors and vehicle controlling systems in modern vehicle Submission Slide 11 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Electric and hybrid vehicle environment Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Wheel motor High current cables High capacity Li-ion batteries Motor controller / inverter Battery charge and discharge controller Electric generator etc . Motor controller / inverter Brake controller Central computer Battery charge and discharge controller Sensors, cameras, etc . Vehicle control systems and sensors are electronically sensitive system in general. Power electronics systems and its circuits radiate EM wave which causes colored noise EMI. Those systems should be protected from EMI from HBAN and VBAN and guaranteed EMC. VBAN and HBAN should be protected from such EMI. Submission 12 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 EMC model Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Source Path Sink Sources of EM near and far field: may be off board and on board sources Path: radiated or conducted Sink: intended receiver or unintended receiver Camera application Engine control application Radar application Camera application Multimedia application Head unit Dashboard application rear seat entertainment Body control applicaition Radar application Camera application Camera application Submission Slide 13 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Vehicle Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) practice is to address EMC/EMI at the component and system design phase. Moreover, the resolution of EMC/EMI issues must take in high volume and complex manufacturing process with the Goal to balance EMC/EMI requirements with market-based vehicle usage, as in our case HBAN and VBAN. 15.6a does not intend to address all these items and issues. We would like to use the knowledge base on these issues: EMI is been categorized into four areas: conducted & radiated emissions, and conducted & radiated susceptibility; with their specific compliance standards and limits Submission Slide 14 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a OEMs design EMC-proof circuits and components for immunity, with the ultimate goal to achieve certification of the vehicle to relevant standards, including EMC/EMI. So far we have been relaying on international standards for EMC/EMI environments for on-board and off-board sources in internal combustion vehicles, electric vehicle and hybrid-electric vehicles. CISPR 25 v4 , SAE J551/1, ECE R10 r5, Nissan NDS02 We may add support from Japanese automotive industry and/or others for testing EMC/EMI over UWB systems in-vehicles based on CISPR 25, SAE J551/1 or relevant Standards. Submission Slide 15 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Cabin Room Environment A lot of metallic components Human being moves in the cabin room Larger path-loss than free propagation Human body absolve RF energy. Dynamic path loss issue and safety issue for passengers should be considered. Even smaller effect than engine room environment, electro-magnetic interference should be considered. Ignition noise, motor noise Note: Noise and interference through the glass windows cannot be ignored. Interference from BT/WiFi/ cellular / ETC (Electric toll correction system), car navigation system should be considered. Submission 16 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a On Vehicle Environment Around roof mostly free propagation can be applicable except reflection on the metallic roof Note: open car in-door roof<=in body Side mostly free propagation can be applicable Between right hand side and the left, front and back, NLOS model should be applied. (Glass window) Note: key-less entry system https://illust8.com/contents/2559 Bottom Reflection at the body bottom and the ground should be considered. => maybe ignorable. => Depends on pavement Submission 17 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Environment models that can be applicable against different type of vehicles Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Cabin Engine Engine Cabin Different Size; Structure;...etc. https://nohat.cc/f/heavy-truck-illustration-isolated-on-a-white- background/comvecteezy328938-201908251309.html Categories: Categorize several type of vehicle like for passengers , bus , small cargo , middle cargo , Large cargo and special purpose vehicles such as a construction machines and build models for various categories. Policy: IEEE 802.15.6a defines several common environment models against most dominant use cases as mandatory models. Submission 18 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Channel and Environment Model Categories Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Mandatory / optional Around vehicle body In-vehicle body On-vehicle body Most dominant case CM-V1 / EM-V1 CM-V2 / EM-V2 CM-V3 / EM-V3 Without motor channel / Environment channel / Environment channel / Environment Small / medium size vehicle With motor channel / Environment channel / Environment channel / Environment or channel / Environment channel / Environment channel / Environment https://frame-illust.com/?p=8372 Large / long size vehicle channel / Environment channel / Environment channel / Environment https://illust8.com/contents/5097 Special purpose vehicle Submission Slide 19 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 In-Vehicle Body Model Categories Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Mandatory / optional Through engine room and cabin Engine room Cabin Most dominant case CM-V1 / EM-V1 channel / Environment Without motor Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Small / medium size vehicle Channel / Environment Channel / Environment With motor channel / Environment channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Large / long size vehicle channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment https://illust8.com/contents/5097 Special purpose vehicle Submission Slide 20 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 On-Vehicle Body Model Categories Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Side Right/Left/ Front/Back Mandatory / optional Bottom Roof Most dominant case CM-V2 / EM-V2 channel / Environment Without motor Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Small / medium size vehicle Channel / Environment Channel / Environment With motor channel / Environment or channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Large / long size vehicle channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment https://illust8.com/contents/5097 Special purpose vehicle Submission Slide 21 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Around Vehicle Body Model Categories Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Mandatory / optional Moving vehicle Static vehicle Most dominant case CM-V3 / EM-V3 Without motor Channel / Environment channel / Environment Small / medium size vehicle Channel / Environment With motor channel / Environment or channel / Environment Channel / Environment Large / long size vehicle channel / Environment Channel / Environment https://illust8.com/contents/5097 Special purpose vehicle Submission Slide 22 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Inter Vehicle (Vehicle to Vehicle) Model Categories Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Mandatory / optional Without motor With motor Most dominant case CM-V4 / EM-V4 channel / Environment Without motor Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Small / medium size vehicle Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment With motor channel / Environment or channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Large / long size vehicle channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment Channel / Environment https://illust8.com/contents/5097 Special purpose vehicle Submission Slide 23 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Use case : In-vehicle (Small & Medium vehicle) HBAN(1): For vehicle driver HBAN(2): For passenger VBAN(1): For vehicle sensing & control For entertainment purpose General purpose radios Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Health care sensors (ECG, Hart-rate, Body temp. etc.) Health care sensors (ECG, Hart-rate, Body temp. etc.) Collision avoidance radar, wheel angle sensor, pressure sensor, rear monitor camera, ECU etc. VBAN(2): Audio & video, smart phone, tablet PC, etc. Cellar phone, wireless devices using WiFi, Bluetooth and NFC etc. EMI sources Motors, ignition plugs, Various electric systems Submission Slide 24 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Use case : In-vehicle (Large & long vehicle) Cargo vehicle (Truck) Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a HBAN: For vehicle driver VBAN(1): For vehicle sensing & control For entertainment purpose EMI sources Health care sensors (ECG, Hart-rate, Body temp. etc.) [S/M vehicle model] + payload weight sensor, center-of- gravity position sensor, more cameras and radars. Wireless signal Propagates long distance VBAN(2): Audio & video, smart phone, tablet PC, etc. & General purpose radios Similar condition as [S/M size vehicle] Longer distance than [S/M vehicle model] Submission Slide 25 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Use case : In-vehicle (Large & long vehicle) Passenger vehicle (BUS) HBAN: For vehicle driver HBAN(1~several dozens): For passenger Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Health care sensors (ECG, Hart-rate, Body temp. etc.) Health care sensors (ECG, Hart-rate, Body temp. etc.) as well as [S/M size vehicle] model. However, number of HBAN in the same vehicle is match more. VBAN(1): VBAN(2): EMI sources & For vehicle sensing & control For entertainment purpose General purpose radios Similar condition as [Cargo vehicle] Submission Slide 26 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Use case : In-vehicle (Special purpose vehicle) Passenger vehicle (BUS) HBAN: For vehicle driver VBAN(1): For vehicle sensing & control Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Health care sensors (ECG, Hart-rate, Body temp. etc.) Load sensor, arm angle sensor, posture sensor, oil pressure sensor, engine temperature sensor, over-load sensor, rear and side cameras etc. EMI sources General purpose radios & Similar condition as [Cargo vehicle] Submission Slide 27 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Use case : On-vehicle Key-less entry system and relay attack avoidance Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Anchor node device Around-vehicle environment on-vehicle environment Anchor node device Smart key https://illust8.com/contents/2559 Submission 28 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Use case : In-vehicle Elderly driver s accident avoidance HBAN(1): For vehicle driver HBAN(2): For passenger VBAN(1): For vehicle sensing & control For entertainment purpose General purpose radios cellular network Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Health condition monitoring, Seizure and sudden death detection Health condition monitoring, ride comfort monitoring Emergency vehicle control and braking while driver s health problem happens Emergency call to rescue, ambulance teams and police station VBAN(2): Emergency call to rescue, ambulance teams and police station on Submission Slide 29 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
September 2021 Doc: IEEE P802.15-21-0244-05-06a Summary Environment model which has wider meaning than channel model has been proposed. Environment model including not only channel characteristics but also including interference, colored noise, EMC and human impact issues. Environment models has been categorized against several typical vehicle categories. Most dominant environment models in individual categories were assigned as "Mandatory". Submission Slide 30 T.Kobayashi, M.Kim, M. Hernandez, R.Kohno (YNU/YRP-IAI)
