Intercultural Trends in Euro-Med Region by Country Group Results
The research conducted by Ipsos for the Anna Lindh Foundation delves into intercultural trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region. Insights from eight European countries and five SEM countries provide a comprehensive understanding of perceptions and characteristics related to the Mediterranean region. The study covers aspects like hospitality, migration issues, common cultural heritage, instability, sources of conflict, and resistance to change.
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Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Med Region Results by country group 1
Methodological note The Anna Lindh Foundation commissioned Ipsos to undertake its fourth opinion poll to measure intercultural trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region. The opinion poll was carried out in eight European countries (Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Romania, Sweden) and five SEM countries/territories (Algeria, Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco). The target population consists of all individuals aged 15 or older (16 in Czechia and Sweden), resident in each of the countries covered. In all countries, the target sample size was 1,000 fully- completed interviews. Fieldwork for all countries bar Mauritania took place between 9 March 2020 and 16 June 2020, with a suspension of fieldwork part-way through due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fieldwork in Mauritania took place between 28 August 2020 and 09 October 2020. In all countries, a CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing) methodology was implemented. Random probability sampling was used in all countries except Mauritania, where quota sampling was used. All findings presented are based on weighted data. A post-stratification weight was calculated that corrects for imbalances in the samples with respect to gender, age and activity status. Where the percentages provided do not add up to or exceed 100%, this may be due to rounding. 2 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Characteristics of the Mediterranean region European countries European countries Mediterranean way of life and food SEM countries 61 28 8 Mediterranean way of life and food 67 Mediterranean way of life and food 26 Hospitality 4 3 48 33 15 4 8 47 41 Hospitality 65 30 2 3 67 23 7 17 Hospitality 4 Migration issues 44 35 Common cultural heritage and history Common cultural heritage and history 42 Common cultural heritage and history 47 9 2 56 27 12 5 42 41 12 Migration issues 38 47 11 Migration issues 4 60 25 12 27 4 26 Instability and insecurity 45 Instability and insecurity 22 28 58 Instability and insecurity 17 3 Source of conlict 33 41 35 4 25 29 Source of conflict 20 52 24 Source of conlict 4 33 31 29 7 Resistance to change 22 45 24 Resistance to change 14 59 Resistance to change 20 8 32 38 24 6 Strongly characterise Somewhat characterise Not characterise at all DK/REF Survey question: Different people have different thoughts about what the Mediterranean region represents. I will read out a set of ideas and images; please tell me if you think these characterise the Mediterranean region strongly, somewhat or not at all. Base: all respondents (%), by region 4 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Preferred countries to start a new life 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% SEM countries 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% European countries Country of residence Country of residence 49 40 Europe Europe 36 20 North America SEM countries 7 14 Australia and Oceania North America 7 6 Asia Gulf countries 3 5 South America Asia 2 2 SEM countries Australia and Oceania 2 1 Africa Africa 1 1 Gulf countries South America 0 1 DK/REF DK/REF 3 2 Survey question: If you could start a new life, in which country of the world would you start it? Base: all respondents (%), by region 5 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Key values when raising children 0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0% European countries 0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0% European countries Respect for the other cultures 0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0% SEM countries 25 63 37 Family solidarity Religious beliefs /practices 24 Family solidarity 25 22 47 42 23 65 25 49 Respect for the other cultures Obedience 18 25 29 53 21 22 43 Independence 12 30 Curiosity Family solidarity 15 22 17 39 18 22 40 Curiosity 12 27 Independence Respect for the other cultures 10 Obedience 18 21 40 11 17 29 10 20 Obedience Independence 9 6 4 5 11 8 12 Religious beliefs /practices 3 5 Religious beliefs /practices Curiosity 4 4 8 4 7 11 DK/REF 1 DK/REF DK/REF 1 1 1 Most important Second most important Survey question: In bringing up their children, parents in different countries may place different emphasis on different values. Assuming that we limit ourselves to six values only, I d like to know which one of these is most important, to you personally, when raising children? And the second most important? Base: all respondents (%), by region 7 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Key values when raising children Perceptions about key values for parents raising children in Europe Perceptions about key values of parents in European countries by respondents in: & Key values in European countries (for respondents personally) 0.0% European countries 0.0% SEM countries 50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% Respect for the other cultures 46 Respect for the other cultures Respect for the other cultures 53 45 Family solidarity 48 Family solidarity Family solidarity 25 47 Independence Independence Independence 40 42 40 Curiosity Curiosity Curiosity 25 24 39 Obedience Obedience Obedience 19 19 11 Religious beliefs /practices Religious beliefs /practices Religious beliefs /practices 12 30 8 DK/REF DK/REF DK/REF 6 9 1 Survey question: In bringing up their children, parents in different countries may place different emphasis on different values. Assuming that we limit ourselves to six values only, I d like to know which one of these is most important, to you personally, when raising children? And the second most important? And which one of these six do you think is most important to parents raising children in Europe? And the second most important? Base: all respondents (% either most important or second most important ), by region 8 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Key values when raising children Perceptions about key values for parents raising children in SEM countries Perceptions about key values of parents in SEM countries by respondents in: & Key values in SEM countries (for respondents personally) 0.0% European countries 0.0% SEM countries 50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% Religious beliefs /practices 43 Religious beliefs /practices Religious beliefs /practices 65 54 Obedience Obedience Obedience 39 43 28 Family solidarity 53 Family solidarity Family solidarity 31 40 Respect for the other cultures 32 Respect for the other cultures Respect for the other cultures 29 29 Independence Independence Independence 16 19 12 Curiosity Curiosity Curiosity 14 13 11 DK/REF DK/REF DK/REF 10 7 1 Survey question: In bringing up their children, parents in different countries may place different emphasis on different values. Assuming that we limit ourselves to six values only, I d like to know which one of these is most important, to you personally, when raising children? And the second most important? And which one of these six do you think is most important to parents raising children in countries bordering the southern and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea? And the second most important? Base: all respondents (% either most important or second most important), by region 9 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Perceptions about womens roles in society Should women be playing a greater role? European countries European countries Economic and business life SEM countries Women s role in: 54 43 2 Science and technology 60 36 64 28 2 8 Business 57 39 52 30 2 17 Political decision-making 53 41 30 4 29 Government and politics 53 40 39 5 Education, arts and culture 44 52 2 68 25 6 Cultural and social life 47 50 Sports 38 44 56 30 2 3 24 In the media 33 60 49 33 4 17 Looking after children and the home 22 58 80 17 18 3 Greater role The same role A lesser role DK/REF Survey question: Compared to their present role in your country, do you think that women should be playing a greater, the same, or lesser role in each of the following domains: Base: all respondents (%), by region 10 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Interest in news and information about SEM/European countries European countries European countries SEM countries Cultural life & lifestyle 46 28 53 18 Their natural environment and the impact of climate change Their natural environment and the impact of climate change 43 12 45 31 24 Political situation 28 45 26 Cultural life and lifestyle 33 51 Cultural life & lifestyle 15 39 31 29 Economic conditions 20 23 53 24 Political situation 31 49 28 29 43 Political situation Religious beliefs and practices 57 18 41 41 Economic conditions 25 Economic conditions 18 41 31 28 Sports activities 12 34 53 Religious beliefs and practices 18 44 Religious beliefs and practices 38 22 21 57 Very interested Somewhat interested Not interested DK/REF Survey question: Thinking about the countries bordering the southern and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea (asked in European countries)/European countries (asked in SEM countries), how interested are you in knowing about their [TOPICS A-E]? Base: all respondents (%), by region 12 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Media role in shaping public perception Did media cause a change in views about people from SEM/European countries? SEM countries European countries 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% Yes, in a positive way Yes, in a positive way 17 8 Yes, in a negative way Yes, in a negative way 26 14 I have seen, read or heard something but my views remained unchanged I have seen, read or heard something but my views remained unchanged 14 51 I have not seen, read or heard anything in the media I have not seen, read or heard anything in the media 41 24 DK/REF DK/REF 3 2 Survey question: During the past 12 months, have you seen, read or heard anything in the media that has influenced your view of people in countries bordering the southern and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea (asked in European countries)/European countries (asked in SEM countries) Base: all respondents (%), by region 13 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Most trusted media sources for cross-cultural reporting 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% European countries 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% SEM countries TV TV 59 52 Social media Print media 36 45 Online media Films/documentaries 32 42 Books Online media 24 35 Print media Radio 24 30 Radio Books 21 23 Films/documentaries Social media 18 15 Other Other 4 5 DK/REF DK/REF 3 2 Survey question: Which of the following sources do you trust most for information about countries bordering the southern and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea (asked in European countries)/European countries (asked in SEM countries)? Base: all respondents (%), by region 14 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Interactions with people from different countries European countries SEM countries 0.0%10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% % yes 0.0% 10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0% % yes Talked to or met someone from a SEM country (in the past 12 months) Talked to or met someone from a European country (in the past 12 months) 52 46 Relatives or friends in SEM countries Relatives or friends in European countries 41 82 Survey question: In the past 12 months, have you talked to or met someone from a country bordering the southern and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea (asked in European countries)/a European country (asked in SEM countries)? (top bar in the chart) Do you have any relatives or friends who live in countries bordering the southern and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea (asked in European countries)/European countries (asked in SEM countries)? (bottom bar) Base: all respondents (%), by region 16 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Cross-cultural encounters Method of interaction SEM countries European countries 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 The internet/social media 59 Business or work 42 Business or work 15 They live in the neighbourhood 23 Tourism 11 Tourism 19 Met in the street/public space 9 Met in the street/public space 17 They live in the neighbourhood 9 School 10 School 2 the internet/social media 8 Other 1 Other 4 DK/REF 0 Sport or leisure 2 Sport or leisure 0 DK/REF 0 Survey question: Thinking of this/these person(s) you have interacted with, was this mainly through: Base: respondents who have talked to or met someone from a SEM/European country in the past 12 months (%), by region Note: Family and friends and sports and leisure categories were created after fieldwork had been completed. Some verbatim responses to other specify were recoded into these two categories. 17 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Cross-cultural encounters Did meeting people from SEM/European countries cause a change in views? European countries SEM countries 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% Yes, mainly in a positive way Yes, mainly in a positive way 27 41 Yes, both positive and negative Yes, both positive and negative 16 12 Yes, mainly in a negative way Yes, mainly in a negative way 2 9 My views remained unchanged My views remained unchanged 55 37 DK/REF DK/REF 0 0 Survey question: Thinking of your encounter(s) with this/these person(s), did meeting or talking to them change or reinforce your view of people from countries bordering the southern and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea (asked in European countries)/European countries (asked in SEM countries)? Base: respondents who have talked to or met someone from a SEM/European country in the past 12 months 18 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Barriers to cross-cultural encounters -5.0%5.0%15.0% 25.0% 35.0% 45.0% 55.0% 65.0% 75.0% 85.0% European countries SEM countries Not speaking the same language Not speaking the same language 81 68 Social and cultural constraints Visa and travel difficulties 65 67 Cultural tensions/conflicts throughout history Economic barriers 62 50 Cultural tensions/conflicts throughout history Visa and travel difficulties 58 46 Economic barriers Social and cultural constraints 57 46 Religion Religion 53 37 Survey question: To what extent, if at all, are each of the following a barrier when meeting with or talking to people from different cultures? Base: all respondents (%), by region 19 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
European countries Perceptions about religious and cultural diversity People from different cultural and religious backgrounds should have the same rights and opportunities 68 23 3 4 European countries SEM countries People from different cultural and religious backgrounds should have the same rights and opportunities People from different cultural and religious backgrounds should have the same rights and opportunities society Cultural and religious diversity is important for the prosperity of your 77 16 3 4 15 69 15 11 3 36 35 12 Cultural and religious diversity is important for the prosperity of your society Cultural and religious diversity is important for the prosperity of your society Cultural and religious diversity constitutes a threat to the stability of society 45 32 7 59 19 5 15 15 14 22 40 22 Cultural and religious diversity constitutes a threat to the stability of society Cultural and religious diversity constitutes a threat to the stability of society 10 18 47 30 15 10 43 23 Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/REF Survey question: How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Base: all respondents (%), by region 21 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Cultural diversity and tolerance European countries European countries SEM countries Would you mind: Having a person from a different cultural background as a work colleague Having a person from a different cultural background as a work colleague If your children were to go to school with children from a different cultural background Having a person from a different cultural background as a work colleague 82 10 2 4 9 84 9 2 78 7 6 5 If your children were to go to school with children from a different cultural background If your children were to go to school with children from a different cultural background 81 11 2 5 78 11 3 60 9 16 14 7 Having a person from a different cultural background as a neighbour 78 13 2 6 Having a person from a different cultural background as a neighbour Having a person from a different cultural background as a neighbour 78 12 3 79 7 9 6 6 If one of your close relatives were to marry someone from a different cultural background If one of your close relatives were to marry someone from a different cultural background If one of your close relatives were to marry someone from a different cultural background 65 14 13 6 70 13 11 4 68 7 12 12 Not mind at all Not mind too much Mind a little Mind a lot NA/DK/REF Survey question: I am now going to read out a number of scenarios. For each of them, please tell me whether you would mind a lot, mind a little, or whether you would not mind too much, or not mind at all. Base: all respondents (%), by region 22 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Living together in multicultural environments Actions that can help people live better together SEM countries European countries To ensure that schools are places where children learn how to live in diversity Encourage local authority and civil society initiatives that promote intercultural dialogue To ensure that schools are places where children learn how to live in diversity 73 20 3 2 72 19 2 5 Encourage local authority and civil society initiatives that promote intercultural dialogue 48 41 5 3 67 23 3 5 To promote the organisation of multi- cultural events To promote the organisation of multi-cultural events 45 43 7 4 58 28 4 7 To enable the expression of cultural diversity in public spaces To enable the expression of cultural diversity in public spaces 39 44 9 5 51 31 6 10 To restrict cultural practices to the private sphere To restrict cultural practices to the private sphere 12 46 30 27 27 30 8 12 Very effective Somewhat effective Not very effective Not at all effective DK/REF Survey question: Today s societies are becoming more and more diverse as a result of migration. How effective do you think that each of the following actions would be in helping people live better together in a multi-cultural environment? Base: all respondents (%), by region 23 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Tackling polarisation and hate speech Measures to prevent and deal with conflicts and radicalisation European countries SEM countries Education and youth programmes to foster youth-led dialogue initiatives Support of youth participation in public life Exchange programmes involving people across the Mediterranean Trainings in diversity management and radicalisation prevention Education and youth programmes to foster youth-led dialogue initiatives 64 29 4 2 62 30 3 3 Support of youth participation in public life 60 32 4 2 64 29 3 3 Exchange programmes involving people across the Mediterranean 51 37 6 3 50 37 4 5 Trainings in diversity management and radicalisation prevention 42 39 9 6 48 35 5 7 Cultural and artistic initiatives 38 50 Cultural and artistic initiatives 45 11 5 38 5 5 Media training for cross-cultural reporting 38 Media training for cross-cultural reporting 45 9 5 57 35 4 3 Inter-religious dialogue 37 39 Inter-religious dialogue 12 9 52 29 6 10 Very effiective Somewhat effective Not very effective Not at all effective DK/REF Survey question: Many countries, in Europe and in the countries on the southern and eastern Mediterranean shores, are facing challenges, such as hate speech and opposing cultural views. How effective do you think that each of the following mechanisms will be in preventing and dealing with these challenges? Base: all respondents (%), by region 24 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Gains from Euro-Med cooperation European countries SEM countries Education and training 78 16 6 Education and training 8 53 37 Recognition of cultural diversity 63 22 12 Recognition of cultural diversity 41 10 48 Economic growth and employment 71 20 7 Economic growth and employment 42 11 45 Environmental sustainability 70 18 10 Environmental sustainability 14 41 43 54 38 Individual freedom and rule of law 26 16 Individual freedom and rule of law 45 15 Gender equality 51 21 26 Gender equality 37 38 24 Support for NGOs and civil society organisations 50 25 19 Support for NGOs and civil society organisations 47 35 14 Finland Fair response to refugee situation 57 26 14 Fair response to refugee crisis 20 34 42 Definitely Maybe No DK/REF Survey question: Your country, along with other European/SEM countries, has decided to reinforce closer cooperation with countries on the southern and eastern shore of the Mediterranean/with European countries. Which of the following do you think your society can gain by reinforcing such cooperation? Cultural diversity and prevention of 55 33 11 Base: all respondents (%), by region Opportunities for education and training 48 40 11 26 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group Environmental sustainability 45 36 18 Equality between men and women 43 32 24 43 Fair response to refugee crisis 42 13 Entrepreneurship, innovation and 39 45 14 Individual freedom and rule of law 37 40 18 Support for NGOs and civil society 26 54 17
European countries Impact of digital technology People from different cultural and religious backgrounds should have the same rights and opportunities 68 23 3 4 Europe SEM Digital technology can play an important role in facilitating dialogue between people from different cultures 3 3 Cultural and religious diversity is important for the prosperity of your society 53 35 77 17 8 2 36 35 12 15 Skills for intercultural dialogue can be enhanced via digital tools 42 41 3 64 25 6 5 10 3 Cultural and religious diversity constitutes a threat to the stability of society 14 22 40 Cultural barriers are less of an obstacle during online (digital) communication compared to offline (face-to-face) 22 33 36 9 48 27 16 17 8 5 communication Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/REF Survey question: With regard to the use of digital technology, please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements: Base: all respondents (%), by country and country group 28 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Demographic profile European countries (n=8,171) SEM countries (n=5,093)* Male Female In another way 15-29 30-49 50-64 65+ DK/REF Employed Not currently in paid work DK/REF Primary education or less Secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education University-level education Roman Catholic Protestant Orthodox Muslim Jewish Other Unaffiliated 48% 51% 1% 19% 32% 25% 23% 0.1% 56% 42% 2% 51% 49% N/A 40% 38% 15% 5% 1% 38% 62% 0% Gender Age Activity status 8% 49% 41% 38% 31% 31% Level of education 18% 18% 19% 2% 0% 5% 35% 0.% 0% 0.5% 93% 0.1% 0.8% 4% Religion This table compares the sample profiles (after weighting) of the two country groups (European and SEM countries). A post-stratification weight was applied that corrects for imbalances in the samples with respect to gender, age and activity status. Note: in Jordan, no questions were asked about religion (*SEM base size 4718); official statistics report that 94% of the population are Muslims and 6% are Christians. 30 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
Femke De Keulenaer Research director, Ipsos SRI +32 2 642 48 60 +32 485 18 23 50 femke.dekeulenaer@ipsos.com www.ipsos-mori.com/ www.ipsos-mori.com/ 31 Intercultural Trends in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Results by country group
