Interlanguage Idioms in Written Discourse: Comparative Analysis

Prof. dr.Ali Jashari Fan S. Noli University, Kor PROF. DR. ALI JASHARI FAN S. NOLI UNIVERSITY, KOR

A A daily daily newspaper newspaper published Triangle", Triangle", a a historical historical development then then in in other other newspapers newspapers this day, day, being being used used in in different Bermuda Bermuda Triangle Triangle, , compared had had brought brought to to mind mind the published an development of this became different contexts contexts such compared it it to the famous famous Bermuda an article article entitled of Albanian Albanian politics became the the expression expression of such as as: : including to the the triangle triangle of Bermuda Triangle Triangle, , etc entitled "Bermuda "Bermuda politics and and the in of the including it it in of Bermuda Bermuda; ; etc. . These These expressions expressions in different different terms, terms, such idioms idioms, , etc etc. ., , they more more often often in sociology, sociology, by by occupying language language; ; they they are explanatory explanatory dictionaries, been been written written for in today's today's linguistics such as as borrowings borrowings, , calques they are are commonly commonly used in journalism, journalism, literature, literature, history, occupying a a special special layer are recorded recorded and dictionaries, even even some some special for them them. . are named named by calques, , borrowed borrowed used in in written written discourse, history, philosophy, layer in in the the idiomatic idiomatic of and explained explained in special dictionaries dictionaries have linguistics are by discourse, philosophy, of any in bilingual bilingual any have In In this this lecture, lecture, in we we prefer prefer to (hereinafter (hereinafter Ind), in front front of to use use the Ind), as as we of the the terms the phrase phrase "interlanguage "interlanguage idiom" we will will explicate explicate below below. . terms we we mentioned mentioned above, above, idiom"

The The layer layer of large large groups groups: : of interlanguage interlanguage idioms idioms in in Albanian Albanian written written discourse discourse can can be be summarized summarized in in three three INd INd that are created independently in each language, but have approximately the same parts and are used with the same meaning in different languages. This happens due to the matching of thoughts brought by life experience, relation to customs, spiritual and cultural heritage, mutual economic exchanges, and historical events where many nations have had the same fate. Usually, in such idioms, the meaning is a part of the human body: eyes, ears ribs, nose, mouth, etc. ears, lips lips, head head, legs legs, To argue this, we are bringing some examples with the meaning "eye": hap hap syt iu iu hap n hap n syt ia ia hapi hapi syt sa sa i i ha ha ( (i i rrok perte de vue; gjith gjith ( (t t r r ) tout yeux tout oreilles; sy sy p p r r sy sy e dh e dh mb p and a tooth for a tooth. syt ; it. aprire gli occhi; angl. open one s eyes; rus. ; syt ; fr ngj. ouvrir l oeil; rus. c ; syt ; it. aprire gli occhi (a qualcuno); angl. open smb s eyes; rrok) ) syri syri; angl. as far as the eye could reach; ital. a perdita d occhio; fr ngj. ) sy e vesh sy e vesh ; angl. all eyes and ears; ital. essere tutt occhi e tutt orecchi; fr ngj. mb p r dh r dh mb mb; it. occhio per occhio e dente per dente; angl. eye for an eye

2 2. . INd INd from other languages have entered the Albanian language in the translated form, usually mot mot and constitute the largest number of INd INd. . The sources of these INd groups are many: of new new patch bread bread; ; Render God s God s; ; of biblical biblical origin, patch on Render unto origin, such on the the old unto Caesar such as old garment garment; ; it it was Caesar the the things as: : alpha alpha and and omega omega; ; Abraham's was sold sold for for thirty things which which are Abraham's anxiety thirty pieces pieces of are Caesar's, Caesar's, and anxiety; ; The of silver and unto unto God The Second Second Coming silver; ; prodigal prodigal son God the the things Coming; ; the son; ; daily things that that are the daily are derived derived from the stone of Sisyphus; the Trojan horse; Pandora's box; Apple of Discord; Gordian knot; sword of Damocles; Achilles' heel; the barber of Midas; cross the Acheron; the golden horde; the flight of Icarus; from mythology mythology, such as: clean the stables (stables) of Auggia; Ariadne's thread; sourced from history, geography sourced from history, geography, etc., as: Even you, Brutus?; discovered America; pyrrhic victory; Columbus's egg; Hannibal's oath; keep your gunpowder dry; Spartan education; the golden age; sourced sourced from ado about nothing; A Farewell to Arms! The Fox and the Grapes; word word word; the shadow of Banquo; scowl-faced horseman; nurse the snake in her bosom; from literature, literature, folklore folklore, etc., such as: storm in a teacup; fight windmills; much

sourced sourced from that I know nothing; Achilles can never overtake the tortoise; platonic love; I think, therefore I am; socratic irony; the end justifies the means; a place under the sun etc from philosophy, philosophy, politics politics, etc., such as: Buridan's donkey; sufficient reason; I know sourced sourced from minefield; blue helmets; pharmacy scales (balance); shameplant mimosa; ostrich policy; center of gravity (of weight); transmission belt; black hole; multiply by zero; put the equal sign; conductor's baton; first violin etc from other other fields fields, such as: communication vessels; common denominator; a a good good part original languages, such as: fait accompli; fixed ideas; white card; local color; dot the "i"; read between the lines; vicious circle; burst the door open; cast shadows etc. part of of INd INd have have a a purely purely linguistic linguistic character character and have been translated from the

INds INds that are not translatedin Albanian language and other languages, i.e. they preserve the same phonetic composition as the original languages. from Latin (which make up most of this group), as: ab incunabulis; ad augusta per augusta; ad hoc; ad usum Delphini; advocatus diaboli; alter ego; alma mater; aperto libro; ars longa,vita brevis; from from the deluge; a propos des bottes; the French French, , as: a la carte; a l eau de rose; a livre ouver; amour proper; apr s nous le from from English happy end; knock-do n; mealting pot; much ado about nothing; English, as: big bang; big brother; ever say never; fair play; fifty-fifty; five o clock; from from German German, as: Aussprechen was ist; befehl ist befehl; Blitz Krieg; Blut und Eisen (Eisen und Blut); Grosen un Ganzen; Mehr Licht; Naht und Nebel; Shturm und Drang etj. from from Italian Italian, , as: colpo di stato; cuopri fuoco; dolce far niente; dulce in fundo; eppur si move; guarda i passa; pezzo grosso; salto mortale etc... from from Greek Greek, as: dhakrojen jelasomen; Eureka! gnoti seauton; kai sy teknon etc In many cases INd of the second and third groups are used side by side, especially in translated works, such as: test balloon (balon d'essaie); in the Greek calendars (ad calendas graecas);

The most well-known authors that write or translate in the fields of literature, are engage also in creative language work in two directions: they create new units and stylistically process the tools that are part of the language. Literary the inter-language idioms are also processed in terms of construction and understanding, in order to fit the type of writing or problem being addressed. What are the innovations observed in the use of What are the innovations observed in the use of INd INd in the written Albanian discourse? in the written Albanian discourse? Deformation of the Inter language Idioms structure Deformation of the Inter language Idioms structure In In this this way, way, the the stuttered stuttered form, form, as notion notion. . For For example example fjal t fjal t i i merr manent manent appears appears in in this this form form fjal t if if they they are are not not accompanied accompanied by also also used used e e shkruara shkruara mbetet mbetet (scripta as the the full merr era, era, e e shkruara fjal t i i merr merr era by actions actions; ; words (scripta manent) manent). . full form, form, preserves shkruara mbetet era (verba (verba volant), words are are quickly preserves the mbetet from volant), by quickly forgotten forgotten . . But the lexical lexical meaning from Latin Latin verba by meaning meaning words meaning and verba volant, volant, scripta words are are worthless But the the second second part and emotive emotive scripta worthless part is is Many Many intercultural intercultural idioms having having elements elements such idioms are such as as words are not words that not used used with that are are similar with a a single similar in single lexical in meaning meaning. . lexical composition, composition, but but they they vary vary by by This This shows shows the synonymous synonymous possibilities from from other other languages languages. . the phenomenon phenomenon of possibilities that of lexical lexical variation that Albanian Albanian language variation (lexical language has (lexical variability) variability). . This has to to calculate calculate the This is consistent expressions expressions is related related to to the the the consistent

Lexical Lexical variability variability is in in the the Albanian Albanian language, (thyej)akullin (thyej)akullin (break shp rthen (thyen) nj der t hapur (the Ariana s thread destroys an open door); ... is a a novelty novelty and, language, for (break the the ice) and, at for example example: : ahuret ice); ; biri(djali) biri(djali) plangprish s at the the same same time, ahuret (stallat) (stallat) e e Avgjis ) plangprish s (prodigal (prodigal son) time, an an important important feature Avgjis ) (stables son); ; filli feature of (stables of filli (peri) of the the use of Avgji) (peri) i i Arian s, ... use of Avgji); ; aj Arian s, of INd INd- -s s aj The intercultural idioms appear in multiple contexts or in different sentences. Even in this aspect, we have novelties related to the use of INd INd in discourse. multiple lexico lexico- -syntactic syntactic connections connections, in narrow micro- novelties with special values The The study study of not not just just a a matter revealed revealed in of these these lexical matter of of form, in relation relation to lexical- -syntactic syntactic connections form, because because their to other other words words in connections or their meaning meaning and in speech speech. . or the the semantic semantic- -syntactic and stylistic stylistic- -emotional emotional values syntactic field values are field of of INd INd is are better better is e e shpreson me an n e- luan rolin e - e mbetet si- e cil son - pranon si- p rdor - e b n- ka si- hyn si- e fut- sht - quan- KALI I TROJ S (SI KALIN E TROJ S; KAL TROJE)

As As observed, observed, only on on which which the only this the forms forms of this INd of use use also INd in in Albanian Albanian consists also change change. . consists of of 13 13 words words of of the the lexical lexical circle, circle, depending depending The The circle circle of the the values values that of connections connections can that INd INd carries, carries, such can be such as be expanded expanded or as: : or narrow narrow depending depending on on the the lexical lexical meaning meaning and and l - b j- realizoj- prodhoj- shtyj- N KALENDAT GREKE (P R N KALENDAT GREKE) N KALENDAT GREKE (P R N KALENDAT GREKE) There There are e e pest pest (fifth activities activities against position" position"; ; shkopi someone someone or are also also many (fifth column) column) armik against someone someone or shkopi i i dirigjentit or something" something" etc many INd INd- -s s with armik i i fsheht or something something else" dirigjentit (conductor's (conductor's baton) etc. . with extensive extensive lexical fsheht ( hidden lexical and ( hidden enemy ) else"; ; rreth rreth vicioz baton) "means "means or and syntactic syntactic connections, enemy ); ; people people who vicioz ( (vicious vicious circle) or way way to connections, such who secretly circle) impasse to convince convince or such as secretly develop impasse; ; difficult or subjugate subjugate as: : kolon kolon develop difficult

Another Another phenomenon phenomenon is their their structure structure to events, events, characters characters or being being discussed discussed in is the the actualization actualization of to connect connect them them more or the the issue issue that in the the given given context context. . of INd INd, , that closely with is being being written that is, with the written about, is, the the introduction introduction of the concrete concrete situation about, with with the of other other words of the the discourse, discourse, time or or the the place place that words into into more closely that is situation of the time that is is In other words, through the actualization, the aim is to establish close connections between In other words, through the actualization, the aim is to establish close connections between the meaning of the meaning of INd INd and the specific situation of the written discourse. and the specific situation of the written discourse. The The before, before, in actualization actualization in the the middle, can can occur middle, and and after occur in after the in all the INd all positions positions of INd elements, elements, for of the the elements elements so for example example: : so actualizers actualizers are are placed placed akulli akulli i i heshtjes broke broke) ); ; kolona e pest shqiptare (the heshtjes u u thye thye ( (the the ice ice of of silence silence broke the fifth fifth Albanian broke) ); ; u u thye Albanian column thye akulli akulli diplomatik column) diplomatik ( (diplomatic diplomatic ice ice turbullon turbullon uj rat uj uj t t turbullt peshkojn peshkojn n turbid turbid waters waters of uj rat e e kulluara turbullt ( (can can fish n uj ra uj ra t of deceit deceit and kulluara ( (blur fish well t turbullta turbullta t and compromise compromise) ); ; blur the well and the strained strained water and comfortably comfortably in t dallaveres dallaveres e e t water etc etc.; .; mund mund t in troubled troubled waters t kompromisit kompromisit ( (... t peshkoj peshkoj mir waters) ); ; ...are are used used to mir e e rehat jan jan m suar m suar t to fishing fishing in rehat n n t the in the

The The contamination contamination of their their usage usage in of INd INd- -s s is discourse. . is also also a a well well- -developed developed phenomenon phenomenon that that involves involves innovations innovations in in in written written discourse Under Under this constituents constituents of which which is is done this term term it it is of two two or done for for reasons is perceived perceived any or more more INd INd, , usually reasons of of the the deformation any kind usually with deformation of kind of with similar of the of fusion, fusion, intermingling intermingling or similar meanings meanings or the phrase phrase or or mutual mutual exchange or with with common common constituents or other other stylistic stylistic purposes purposes exchange of constituents of humbasin humbasin do they they see see the luaj luaj kart kart n n e e fundit do logjik logjik kur the last last cards fundit) ) burn kur shohin shohin t t u u digjen cards being being burned burned in burn the the cards cards in digjen n n duar in their their hands in my my hand hand and duar kartat kartat e e fundit hands ( (nga nga ia and play play the the last fundit (they ia djeg djeg kartat last card) card) (they lose kartat ( (letrat lose all letrat) ) n n dor all logic logic when dor dhe when dhe ngrit ngrit n n pesh pesh pesh n n k k mb nj nj sive sive (where the the result result of lifted lifted his his weight pesh n n k k mb mb u u mobilizua (where the the Interlanguage Interlanguage idiom of the the contamination contamination of weight and and stood stood up mb gjith mobilizua, , u u tregua gjith Shqip Shqip rin tregua i i gatsh idiom stood of the the two two units up etc etc. .. . rin (lifted (lifted weight gatsh m stood up units: : u u ngrit weight the m sht sht rrjedhoj up " "was was mobilized, mobilized, showed ngrit pesh pesh dhe the whole whole Albania) rrjedhoj e e kontaminimit showed itself dhe u u ngrit Albania) ( (ku kontaminimit t t dy itself ready ngrit n n k k mb ku INd INd u u ngrit ngrit dy ready" " is mb ) ) (he is (he

In In the the written connection, connection, are fortuitous fortuitous. . written discourse, discourse, contexts are often often encountered contexts where encountered. . The where two The joint joint use two INd use and INd are and pairing pairing of are used used side side by of intercultural intercultural idioms by side, side, in in a a double double idioms is is not not Double Double constructions constructions with stylistic stylistic functions functions within with INd within a a segment segment of INd constitute constitute a a wide of written written discourse wide phenomenon, phenomenon, with discourse. . with certain certain semantic semantic and and Precisely, Precisely, the connections connections and the study study of and the of these these relations the semantic semantic phenomena relations is phenomena that is important important to that are are embedded to observe observe the embedded in the them. . ways ways in in which which this this INd INd in them For For example example: : this horse horse), ), ka ka z n ( (can t can t hold hold on this means means inserting z n kok n kok n me on) ) where where intercultural intercultural idioms inserting kolon n me dor dor ( (he he grabbed kolon n e e pest grabbed his idioms are are synonyms pest , , kalin his head head with synonyms. . kalin e e Troj s with his his hand Troj s ( (the hand) ) and the fifth fifth column, and nuk nuk di column, the di nga nga t ia the Trojan Trojan t ia mbaj mbaj In In written written discourse, have have an an antonymic antonymic semantic For For example, example, we tue tue tregue tregue grushtin grushtin ( (by krah t krah t atyre atyre ( (it it is fist fist) ) discourse, pairing semantic connection we don't don't seek seek to by showing is different different to pairing occurs connection. . to win showing your to rob occurs even even when when INd INd has has the the opposite opposite meaning, meaning, that that is, is, they they win our your fist rob their their arms our freedom freedom tue fist) ) ... arms) ) and tue shtri shtri dor n ... the the meaning meaning differs and t u t u tregosh dor n ( (by differs when tregosh grushtin grushtin ( (to by extending extending our when saying our hand hand), ), but saying t u t u f rkosh to show show them them the but f rkosh the

The The joint discourse, discourse, makes more more simple simple and joint use use and makes the and convincing convincing way and pairing pairing of the phrase of INd INd brings phrase more more powerful way. . brings new powerful and new semantic semantic and and beautiful, beautiful, conveys and stylistic stylistic values conveys the values to the idea idea or to the the written or thought thought in written in a a The The features features and aspect, aspect, as as well and values values of well as as in in the of such such connections connections are the semantic semantic and and functional are observed observed both functional aspect aspect. . both in in the the formal formal (structural) (structural) In In most most cases, positive positive or cases, the or negative negative evaluative the double double connections evaluative notions, connections of notions, which of intercultural intercultural idioms which are are their their own idioms add own characteristics characteristics. . add to to the the microcontext microcontext In In fact, fact, those pairs, pairs, but but the they they might might have semantics semantics. . those intercultural intercultural idioms the most most important important thing have complementary complementary connections idioms that thing is that have is that connections for have a a strong that they they are strong emotive emotive notion are essentially essentially synonymous for a a more more general notion are synonymous or general common are usually usually connected or antonyms, common or connected in antonyms, or or opposite opposite in or

In the written discourse of the Albanian Language, with Ind such units which are lining up within a narrow context according to semantic and stylistic connections organized around an idea or characterization to complement each other from different sides. Ind are created also strings strings of This indicates that to create a string you cannot include any Ind but only those that have or will have certain meaningful and emotional relationships with others (usually synonymous, antonymic, mixed, etc.) These These units convincing, convincing, and units make and the make the the author's author's appraisal the context context more more powerful powerful and appraisal is is clearly and expressive, expressive, give clearly expressed expressed. . give the the idea idea or or thought thought more more ato ato q person person), ), e e nj q tha tha ai ai ishin ishin fjal t nj t t marri marri t fjal t e e nj t hutuar hutuar ( (of nj t t orodituri orodituri ( (what of a a confused confused person what he person) ). . he stated stated were were the the words words of of deranged deranged q l pin ka p shtyr , q p shtyn ka puthur (who licks what he spits, who spits what he kisses) q l shon lot krokodili( who sheds crocodile tears).

In the written discourse, there are also changes in the categorical data of INd adjective and adverb. INd, , verb to noun, It turns into nouns more two-limbed INd-s and less those who have three or more limb. All these structures form open types, which, especially in journalism language discourse, are constantly enriched, since, theoretically, but also practically, from all verbal INd, can be formed respective nominal INd, by the language needs : NOUNS NOUNS: : i ice take take off ce melting melting; ; sharpening off the the mask mask sharpening weapons weapons; ; loss loss of of compass compass; ; ground ground preparation preparation; ; emphasis emphasis; ; ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES: : put checkmate, checkmate, fallen put on fallen from on a a pedestal, pedestal, fall from the the fig fig tree, fall out lifted up out from from the up the sky sky; ; provided provided with with weapons, weapons, caught caught tree, lifted ADVERB ADVERB: : behind shut shut; ; with with a a fist behind closed fist clenched clenched etc closed doors doors; ; with etc. . with a a raised raised voice voice; ; with with a a broken broken heart heart; ; with with the the mouth mouth In addition the usage of the INd monosyllabic structure like blickrig luft rrufe from blitz krieg; blekaut nga black out; bonsens from bon sens; brainstorming from brain storming etc it is an innovation in how they are processed and turn into monosyllabic, changing the "status" in the written discourse of Albanian.

Studying this linguistic reality, which we explained above, Ind cannot be seen as a foreign body in the Albanian language body, but as a part of it as a cultural language, as a sign of mutual relations in the cultures of different peoples and as a concrete expression of the cultural upliftment of the Albanian people. Peoples, today and all the time, have benefited from each other's culture. On this basis, the entry and usage of INd is a phenomenon encountered in all developed countries. This is a phenomenon that has been noticed for a long time in the Albanian language. Whoever has read the translated literature and journalism of the 30s of the last century, without doubt, has noticed this. INd are evidenced in the earliest monuments of the Albanian language (as in Buzuku: i jap lavd, merr form , u b ft drit , etc.), but, especially in the last thirty years, that our country has opened up to the world, thanks also to our people thirst to learn other languages and to know other cultures, thanks to the numerous translations from historical, philosophical, sociological, publicists literature, etc., in the Albanian language there is a flow of large INd units (so far we have registered over 9500 such units)

In In conclusion, conclusion, if if we "Bermuda "Bermuda triangle" the the day, day, we we can the the written written discourse, explanations explanations and generations generations. . we go within two can say say that that journalism discourse, subsequently subsequently come and similes, similes, to to keep go back back to to the the example example we two or or three three weeks journalism plays plays a a first we told told at was inflexion inflexion in first- -hand hand role come the the linguists linguists who keep them them in in the the written at the the beginning, beginning, where in all all cases cases by role in in using using and who sort sort them written language language and where the by the the newspapers newspapers of and embedding embedding the them in in dictionaries, dictionaries, with and to to be be passed passed down the expression expression triangle" within weeks was of in the INd INd in with down to to The The most most important important thing thing is is to to recognize recognize them them and and use use them them correctly correctly. . Nowadays Nowadays an of of his his colleagues colleagues from like like Joseph's Joseph's stone like like the the stone stone of erupted erupted in in laughter laughter. . an anecdote anecdote is from the stone" " but of Joseph Joseph!" !". . " "But is told told about the opposition opposition in but Drit roi Drit roi interrupted But it's about the the time time when in his his speech interrupted him it's the the same, same, said when Dritero Dritero Agolli speech among among other him saying saying " "like said the the colleague Agolli was other things things stated like the the stone stone of colleague" " and was a a parliamentarian parliamentarian one stated: : our of Sisyphus Sisyphus and and all all the the parliament one is not our work work is and not parliament

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