Joints in Syndesmology: An In-Depth Analysis

l.DR l.DR. KHAIRIA KADHIM HABIB . KHAIRIA KADHIM HABIB

Syndesmology (Arthrology)Articulation of Joints------- Articulation or Joints :- or more bones or cartilages by other tissue (uniting medium) . Arthrology ( Arthors , joint +logos, study).the study of joints. The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous tissue or cartilages or mixture of the two. JOINTS are classified Anatomically (structural) and functionally (physiologically in them into three types :- A A -Classification according by numbers: Classification according by numbers:- - Simple joints : if only two articular surfaces(two bones). E.g pastern joint. is formed by the union of two

JOINTS JOINTS JOINTS are classified Anatomically (structural) and functionally (physiologically in them into three types :- A -Classification according by numbers:- Simple joints : if only two articular surfaces(two bones). E.g pastern joint.

Compound joints : articulation with more than two bones articulating (e.g ,stifle joint). B B CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING BY STRUCTURAL ACCORDING BY STRUCTURAL classified according to the nature of uniting medium. 1- Fibrous joint : Known as (synarthrosis ) 2- Cartilaginous joint : Known as (amphiarthrosis) Synovial joint : Known as (diarthrosis) . C C- - CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING BY FUNCTIONAL OF CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING BY FUNCTIONAL OF JOINTS: JOINTS: ..Indicates the degree of motion possible. ..Immovable joint or synarthrosis. ..Slightly movable joint or amphiarthrosis. ..Free movable joint or diarthrosis .

FIBROUS FIBROUS JOINT JOINT The uniting medium of these type is (fibrous tissue )causing decrease or prevent the movement so it called false or fixed or immovable joints most of these joint are temporary. There is no joint cavity ---the uniting medium being ossify with the time. Chief classes or types of this joint are : Chief classes or types of this joint are :- - A; SUTURE : A; SUTURE :- -this term is called of these joints in the (SKULL) OF adjacent bones it has many forms:- a: a: Serrated Suture Or Serrates ; e.g. inter frontal suture.( Irregular) B : B : Squamous : e.g. the joint between the squamous part of temporary and parietal bones .(overlap) C : C : Plane : e.g. inter nasal suture .(suture plane) d ; d ; FOLIATE : is not used extensively. SKULL)

B ; SYNDESMOSIS : B ; SYNDESMOSIS : uniting e.g the union of the shafts of radius and ulna ,also the shafts of the metacarpal bones. C ; GOMPHOSIS : C ; GOMPHOSIS : the term applied to the implantation of the teeth in the alveoli . CARTILAGINOUS JOINT CARTILAGINOUS JOINT THE uniting medium of these joint is fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage or both. TYPE OF THESE JOINTS TYPE OF THESE JOINTS uniting medium-white or elastic fibers PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINT SECONDARY SECONDARY CARTILGINOUS JOINT CARTILGINOUS JOINT JOINT

PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:- - Uniting medium is Hyaline cartilages and then converts into the bone epiphysis and diaphysis of long bone in the young are unitied by cartilaginous Epiphysis disc or plate . In adult this disc become ossified and then the joint dis appeared . e.g ; costochondral junction ,inter mandibular , synchondrosis ,basilar part of occipital bone ,with the body of basisphenoid bone . Secondary Cartilaginous Joints : Secondary Cartilaginous Joints :- - Uniting medium is fibrocartilage these joints are also a limited movement may exist.. e.g pelvic symphysis ,joints between the bodies of the vertebrae.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS SYNOVIAL JOINTS Uniting medium of these joints is vascular connective tissue these are characterized by :- Articular surface Articular cartilage Articular or joint capsule Joint cavity Ligament Articular disc and menisci Marginal cartilage

1-Articular surface : are coverd by cartilaginous layer called articular cartilages in most casesis smooth . Articular cartilage : is usually hyaline in type it is important to be the articular surfices more sutable for each ather ,also decrase the pressure andfriction on the joint. Articular or joint capsule : consists of two layers or membranes. A A fibrous layers external one composed of fibrous tissue. B B Synovial layer internal or membranes covered the joint cavity except at the articular cartilage it is srcrets afluid called the (synovial fluid )or synovia.

3-Joint cavity : it located between the articular surface of the joint surrondes by the synovial membrane and articular cartilage . 4-Ligaments : strong band of white fibrous tissue which binds the bones together . divided in to; Extra articular ligaments ; situated on the sides of joint called collateral ligaments . Intra articular ligaments ; are not in the joint cavity . 5- Articular disc and menisci ;are aplates of fibrocartilage between the articular cartilages .they make the non sutibale articulare surfaces more suitable to each other

6- Marginal cartilage; ring shape fibrocartilage around the margin of the joint cavity to enlarges the cavity and prevent margin fracture e.g --- Glenoid cavity of scapula with the head of the humerus bone (shulder joint ). 7- synovial joints are always allow to movement so they are often called movable or true joints. 8-Vessels and nerve

Classification of the synovial joint according to :- Numerically ; Numerically ; depend on the number of the articular bones into A; Simple joint-------- like shoulder joint, Two bones. B ; composite joint-- like stifle joint . Three or more bones. Anatomically ; Anatomically ; depend on the shape of the articular surface into :- 1-Ball and socket joint ; e.g : shoulder j, Hip j. 2-Saddle j. e.g :Pastern j. in the dog . 3-Hing j. e.g ; Elbow j. genual j .occipto atlantic . 4-Condylar j. e.g ; mandibular j. 5-Trochoid j. e.g ; Atlanto axial j. 6-Plan j. e.g ; joints between the articular processe of the vertebre .

MOVEMENT OF SYNOVIAL JOINT. MOVEMENT OF SYNOVIAL JOINT. 1-Gliding movement ; e.g joint between the articular facets of the cervical vertebrae . 2-Angular movement ; in cludes ;( Flexino ,Extention ,Addaction ; Abduction ) . Circumduction . Rotation. SYNOVIAL FLUID SYNOVIAL FLUID OR synovia similar to the tissue fluid ,in addition,it contains: Albumin ,micin and salts,dead cells,and particles of articular cartilage . Lubricates the joint.

SYNOVIAL BURSA SYNOVIAL BURSA IT is a small sac or enclosed sac of connective tissue contain or occur between the tendon and the bone , when the pressure exists against apportion of the bone Synovial sheath Synovial sheath It is sac folded around the tendon .tendon are surrounding by two layer's or sheath (fibrous sheath externally and synovial sheath internally ). The coactions portion of synovial sheath is double forming the mesotendon . The proximal pole of synovial sheath connections a sickle- shaped folds ,which permits the sheath to remain close of the tendon.