Key Insights on Transportation Research and Policy Issues

AASHTO AASHTO CV/AV RESEARCH CV/AV RESEARCH ROADMAP ROADMAP NCHRP 20 NCHRP 20- -24 (98) 24 (98)

PROJECT MOTIVATION PROJECT MOTIVATION CV/AV technologies continue to advance towards introduction Open questions and issues remain for state and local agencies Develop a roadmap of research and related activities to close gaps 2

Project Panel Members Project Panel Members John Corbin, FHWA Shelley Row, consultant Mark Kopko, Pennsylvania DOT Matthew Smith, Michigan DOT Melissa Lance, Virginia DOT Bob Arnold, USDOT Greg Larson, Caltrans Joe Peters, FHWA TFHRC Blaine Leonard, Utah DOT Kevin Dopart, USDOT Siva Narla, ITE Gummada Murthy, AASHTO Ryan Rice, Colorado DOT Jim Wright, AASHTO 3

PROJECT OVERVIEW PROJECT OVERVIEW Develop a catalog of open issues and research needs Prioritize issues in catalog and consolidate into research projects Develop a roadmap of research activities Develop a structure for maintenance of the roadmap Summarize project for dissemination 4

UNRESOLVED ISSUES FOR PUBLIC AGENCIES UNRESOLVED ISSUES FOR PUBLIC AGENCIES Over 100 research questions Policy Planning Modal Apps Infrastructure 5

PANEL VOTING ON IMPORTANCE OF ISSUES PANEL VOTING ON IMPORTANCE OF ISSUES Topics in infrastructure operations were most consistently rated critical Limited consensus: votes of both critical and not important on many topics 6

INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY Business models for infrastructure deployment Public policy actions to facilitate implementation Implications of AV for motor vehicle codes Harmonization of state goals and regulations Fed/state/local responsibilities Lessons learned from Safety Pilot and CV Pilots Lessons learned from other tech rollouts (e.g. 511, Next Gen air traffic control) 7

AUTOMATION AND MOTOR VEHICLE CODES AUTOMATION AND MOTOR VEHICLE CODES RPS Implicit assumptions in motor vehicle codes that humans are continuously involved in driving task Tasks Review all 50 State codes on motor vehicles and related issues Identify obsolete and near obsolete rules Recommend modifications Assess practicality of harmonization Deliverables Report Resources 18 months, $500 K Urgency High

CV INFRASTRUCTURE BUSINESS MODELS TO SUPPORT CV INFRASTRUCTURE BUSINESS MODELS TO SUPPORT AV OPERATIONS AV OPERATIONS RPS Chicken-egg problem of infrastructure deployment and in-vehicle equipment value; inherent estimate that benefits of AV+CV exceed AV alone Deliverables Report, with policy and investment guidelines Resources 18 months, $750 K Tasks Estimate net difference of benefits of AV alone and AV+ CV Identify how CV services for AVs could have higher requirements than current CV systems Evaluate business models for infrastructure deployment (PPP, Private, Public) advantages and disadvantages Develop recommendations for AASHTO Urgency High

STATE AND LOCAL POLICY ACTIONS TO FACILITATE STATE AND LOCAL POLICY ACTIONS TO FACILITATE CV/AV IMPLEMENTATION CV/AV IMPLEMENTATION RPS Societal benefits not directly related to private cost-effectiveness considerations in bringing CV/AV technologies to market Tasks Identify mismatches between societal and private benefits for CV/AV Identify policy actions for agencies to counteract these mismatches Assess each potential action for B/C return and political feasibility Develop recommendations for AASHTO Deliverables Report on policy actions, expected costs and impacts on deployment Resources 12 months, $500 K Urgency High

HARMONIZATION OF STATE GOALS AND REGULATIONS HARMONIZATION OF STATE GOALS AND REGULATIONS RPS Different regulatory environments across State borders could impede deployment of helpful AV/CV technologies Tasks Identify full range of affected regulatory issues including DMV, MUTCD, Insurance, PPPs Identify where states are already inconsistent Develop recommendations for harmonization Develop next steps and action plan Deliverables Report on regulatory issues and recommended remedies Resources 18 months, $500 K Urgency High

FEDERAL/STATE/LOCAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR AV/CV FEDERAL/STATE/LOCAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR AV/CV RPS CV and AV systems cut across traditional federal/state/local boundaries, so those boundaries may need to be adjusted Tasks Identify problems for CV/AV implementation based on existing boundaries Develop recommendations for adjustment of current boundaries to facilitate success Define next step action plan (administrative actions, legislation, $ incentives) Deliverables Report recommending agency actions Resources 18 months, $250 K Urgency Moderate

LESSONS LEARNED FROM OTHER TRANSPORTATION LESSONS LEARNED FROM OTHER TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY ROLLOUTS TECHNOLOGY ROLLOUTS RPS CV/AV systems have similarities to other national-scale transportation technologies (e.g. 511, Next-Gen Air Traffic Control); learn from their successes and failures Tasks Identify relevant transportation tech rollouts Identify successful and unsuccessful aspects of each Summarize lessons learned Deliverables Report, recommending what to apply to CV/AV Resources 12 months, $250 K Urgency Moderate

LESSONS LEARNED FROM SAFETY PILOT AND 2015+ CV LESSONS LEARNED FROM SAFETY PILOT AND 2015+ CV PILOTS PILOTS RPS Pioneering organizations in Safety and CV Pilots will have learned lessons for follower organizations Tasks Review existing and upcoming documentation on Safety and CV Pilots Interview and assess each Pilot agency for lessons and recommendations Summarize lessons learned Deliverables Report and outreach Resources 12 months, $250 K Urgency Moderate, following first wave of upcoming CV Pilots

INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN/OPERATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN/OPERATIONS Road infrastructure design Tools for CV/AV impact assessment CV/AV maintenance fleet apps Relationships of CV to AV Traffic control strategies Dedicated lanes for CV/AV Roadway geometric design Cybersecurity for states and locals Workforce capability strategies Management of Big Data 15

ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN FOR AV ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN FOR AV RPS Current standards and practices vary for signals, signs, and markings. AVs require higher level of consistency and new standards Tasks Summarize state-of-the-art and state-of- the-practice in signs, markings, and signals Analyze issues w.r.t. MUTCD, green book , and other standards Summarize recommendations and develop action plan Deliverables Reports on state of the art and next steps Resources 18 months, $750 K Urgency High. AV developers are already testing in real-world environments that are highly localized

TOOLS FOR PREDICTING IMPACTS OF AV/CV TOOLS FOR PREDICTING IMPACTS OF AV/CV RPS AV/CV are expected to provide positive B/C. Current tools are not designed to represent their effects accurately Tasks Identify types of benefits and performance metrics Identify types of models needed for prediction Identify specification for modifications to existing models Implement and test in existing model frameworks Deliverables Report, validated models, model documentation, case study results Resources 24 months, $3000 K Urgency High. No current basis for agency planning. Project can be phased

AV/CV APPLICATIONS FOR AGENCY MAINTENANCE AV/CV APPLICATIONS FOR AGENCY MAINTENANCE FLEETS FLEETS RPS Agencies have in-house resources for AV/CV application testing and development and could benefit directly from implementation Tasks Summarize state of the art and state of the practice in maintenance fleet technology Identify bundles of applications relevant to maintenance fleets Develop action plan for next steps Deliverables Report on potential applications and next steps Resources 12 months, $100 K Urgency Moderate. No significant dependency on other projects

TECHNICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CV AND AV TECHNICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CV AND AV SYSTEMS SYSTEMS RPS CV and AV interests are not yet aligned despite their potential synergy. Many have difficulty distinguishing the differences and similarities Tasks Identify requirements that AVs place on CV infrastructure Identify issues of DSRC and other wireless means for supporting AV services Identify organization and institutional frameworks for CV infrastructure implementation Develop recommendations and action plan Deliverables Report on how to provide CV support for AVs Resources 12 months, $250 K Urgency Moderate. Cooperative AV deployment is not yet imminent

TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES WITH AV TECHNOLOGY TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES WITH AV TECHNOLOGY RPS Significant research has been done for CV technology and traffic control, but little distinction if the CV is an AV Tasks Summarize state of the art in traffic control with CV data Develop concepts for traffic control enhancements with AVs phased in over time Special emphasis on low-speed urban environments Develop prototype software and applications that can be widely shared Summary report and action plan Deliverables Report, open-source software Resources 36 months, $1.5 M Urgency Moderate. Project can be phased

DEDICATED LANES FOR PRIORITY USE BY AV/CV DEDICATED LANES FOR PRIORITY USE BY AV/CV RPS AV/CV technology can have strong synergy with HOV/HOT lanes, as a location where equipped vehicle market penetration can be concentrated to maximize benefits Tasks Identify categories of benefits and dis- benefits from dedicating lanes to CV/AV Identify changes to modeling frameworks (project 2.2) to estimate benefits Perform case studies on diverse sites Identify policy actions where B/C could support lane dedication Summary report and action plan Deliverables Report on benefits, with guidelines for choosing where to dedicate lanes Resources 18 months, $500 K Urgency Moderate. Needs modeling tools from project 2.2

GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR AV OPERATIONS GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR AV OPERATIONS RPS AVs could become better than humans in following lanes; new business models for shared-use AVs will change needs for parking; relocating bicycle and pedestrian facilities, new types of urban facilities segregating AV operations from human drivers Deliverables Assessment of current design tools, workshops, recommendations for changes Tasks Resources 18 months, $500 K Conduct workshops with roadway and infrastructure design experts Evaluate range of environments rural, urban, campus, freeway, tollway for costs and benefits of infrastructure design changes Synthesize recommendations for redesign and impacts to standards Summary report and action plan Urgency Moderate. Synergy with research in signage, striping, and traffic control

CYBERSECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF AV/CV CYBERSECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF AV/CV RPS Agencies have limited understanding of the implications of CV and AV technologies on their existing communications systems and infrastructure Tasks Develop a primer on cybersecurity issues for agencies Conduct workshops on issues to raise awareness Analysis and recommendation on role of agencies in development of standards and privacy protection methods Summary report and action plan Deliverables Primer on best practices and recommendations for future actions Resources 12 months, $250 K Urgency High

AGENCY WORKFORCE CAPABILITIES IN AN AV/CV AGENCY WORKFORCE CAPABILITIES IN AN AV/CV WORLD WORLD RPS Agencies typically have limited staff with ITS experience and responsibility. Demands for technically competent staff will only increase Tasks Review long-term planning and existing agency practices for workforce and summarize state-of-the-practice Conduct workshops on issues with leading and following agencies Summary report and action plan Deliverables Report with recommendations for workforce planning Resources 18 months, $150 K Urgency Low. Organizational changes are particularly slow-paced.

CV/AV DATA MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES CV/AV DATA MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES RPS AV and CV systems will generate new real-time data and more of it than agencies are accustomed to managing. AV and CV vehicles will require new data to be maintained and updated by agencies Deliverables Report on state of the art and new strategies likely to be needed Resources 24 months, $500 K Urgency Moderate. Lessons learned from CV Pilots could be helpful Tasks Summarize new data agencies must maintain to support AV and CV applications Summarize new data agencies will receive from AV and CV applications Identify issues with standards, formats, data management systems Develop recommendations for near and medium term agency activities to address incoming and outgoing data

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AVs and regional long-term planning models Assessing impacts of CV/AV (applying tools to test cases) Modeling effects of AV/CV on land use and travel demand 26

AV IMPACTS ON THE REGIONAL PLANNING PROCESS AV IMPACTS ON THE REGIONAL PLANNING PROCESS RPS Long term regional transportation plans should include consideration of AV systems but existing tools do not represent their supply or demand effects Deliverables State of the art review, new open- source modeling tools and methods Tasks Identify necessary changes to transportation network modeling science to accommodate new AV concepts Develop modeling theories and prototype in open-source tools Assess results in variety of environments from dense urban, coastal, sprawl, etc. Synthesize findings and develop action plan Resources 36 months, $1500 K Urgency Moderate, mainly focused on longer- term system changes

ASSESSING IMPACTS OF CV/AV ON THE OPERATIONAL ASSESSING IMPACTS OF CV/AV ON THE OPERATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM RPS Apply tools developed in 2.2 to diverse scenarios for operational impact assessment. Findings are needed to motivate policy decisions about incentives for AV vs. AV+CV Tasks Conduct expert panel about ranges of key input parameters to be tested Assess results in representative scenarios for AV and AV+CV Synthesize findings and develop recommendations towards energy and emission reduction and traffic flow improvement, with prioritization of AV and CV strategies Deliverables Report on impacts, leading to policy recommendations Resources 24 months, $1500 K Urgency High. But must follow tool development in 2.2 and 3.1

EFFECTS OF AV ON LAND USE, TRAVEL DEMAND, AND EFFECTS OF AV ON LAND USE, TRAVEL DEMAND, AND TRAFFIC IMPACT MODELS TRAFFIC IMPACT MODELS Deliverables State of the art synthesis, primer for planners, open-source software Resources 18 months, $1000 K RPS Land use and travel demand models generate inputs to regional transportation models. Changes in vehicle ownership and land use are likely with AV system introduction. New modeling approaches are needed to get reasonable predictions Tasks Summarize existing state of the art and state of the practice in land-use and travel demand modeling Develop new theories and models including consideration of AVs Demonstrate models on variety of scenarios from dense urban, sprawl, coastal, and low-density Develop guidance for planners regarding how to represent AV effects. Urgency Low. Follows completion of 3.1

MODAL APPLICATIONS MODAL APPLICATIONS Impacts of transit regulations on AV/CV tech introduction Next steps for AV/CV applications to long-haul freight Benefit/cost analysis of AV transit systems 30

IMPACT OF TRANSIT REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ON IMPACT OF TRANSIT REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ON ADOPTION OF AV/CV TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION OF AV/CV TECHNOLOGY RPS Current regulations for fixed guideway transit systems prevent reductions in workforce. Regulations governing safety and operations derive from railroad practices. These need to be reconsidered for modern automated systems Tasks Develop a primer on the current regulatory and policy landscape of transit systems that will be affected by AV/CV technologies Explore how existing certification and testing procedures for fixed-guideway transit can be applied to AV systems Summarize findings and develop action plan Deliverables Report on existing regulations and ways they may need to be updated Resources 12 months, $150 K Urgency High

CRITICAL NEXT STEPS FOR AV/CV APPLICATIONS IN CRITICAL NEXT STEPS FOR AV/CV APPLICATIONS IN LONG LONG- -HAUL FREIGHT OPERATIONS HAUL FREIGHT OPERATIONS RPS Current regulatory, policy, and technical issues related to AV/CV technologies for trucking are not well understood by agencies Tasks Develop a primer on the current regulatory and policy landscape for freight systems that will be affected by AV/CV technologies Summarize findings and develop action plan / guidance Conduct workshops with agencies to disseminate guidance Deliverables Report on existing challenges to deployment of AVs for freight and recommendations for resolving them Resources 9 months, $150 K Urgency High

B/C ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED TRANSIT SYSTEM B/C ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED TRANSIT SYSTEM CONCEPTS CONCEPTS RPS Fixed-guideway AV transit systems have been in development for 30+ years but infrastructure costs have been too high. New low-speed AV transit systems for less restricted environments could help with first mile last mile access to line-haul transit Deliverables Report on deployment concepts and B/C results Resources 18 months, $500 K Urgency High. AV transit is potential low hanging fruit in low- speed controlled environments Tasks Summarize state of the art in AV transit concepts at different levels of automation Evaluate AV transit B/C in diverse scenarios Summarize findings and identify where AV transit systems have best B/C performance Develop recommendations for next steps

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FUNDING FUNDING $15 M+ projects identified $5 M NCHRP ($1 M 2015) Need to seek synergy with other programs USDOT ITS JPO FHWA Offices of Operations, Safety, Policy CV Pooled Fund Studies Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center AASHTO TSM&O Research and NOCoE Department of Energy (ARPA-e) TCRP, NCFRP 36

ROADMAP MAINTENANCE ROADMAP MAINTENANCE AV/CV technologies and issues evolving quickly Ownership: NCHRP 20-102 panel Allocation of projects to programs Collaboration and coordination of stakeholders Yearly process of review and adjustment Aligned with TRB Annual Meeting and summer TRB/AUVSI automation symposium 37

Step WHAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Review AV/CV roadmap RNS/RPS and new ideas Maintain priority rankings, sort new RPS from Step 1 Draft new/modified RPS to advance to SCOR / DOT / CVPFS Review and prioritize AV/CV RPS; advocate and coordinate funding agency Submit RPS, RFP, task order descriptions Track previous, on- going, and scheduled research; identify new ideas and issues ROADMAP MAINTENANCE ROADMAP MAINTENANCE WHO from FHWA, DOT, V2I coalition liaisons as appropriate 20-102 panel; oversight 20-102 panel, in consultation with other funding partners 20-102 panel with support from AV/CV subcommittee of 20-102 panel with support from AV/CV subcommittee of TSM&O research task force 20-102 panel 20-102 panel; oversight from FHWA, DOT, V2I coalition liaisons as appropriate Impacts of transit regulations on AV/CV tech introduction TSM&O research task force WHEN TRB/AUVSI Automated Vehicles Symposium Impacts of AV/CV applications in long-haul freight TRB Annual Meeting Mid-February 1 month prior to TRB/AUVSI Automated Vehicles Symposium By Sept 15 of each year (for 20-102 projects), other funding agencies have different schedules November each year Benefit/cost analysis of AV transit systems Face to face meeting including existing contractors Webinar Champions for each RPS lead creation of draft, committee review Formal component of summer meeting agenda; 20-102 panel finalize RPSs for task orders, coordinated with CVPFS and DOT ID/IQ managers, for complementary funding sources Formal submission process of updating task orders / extending existing 20-102 Presentations by current research teams and entities at webinar or face-to-face meeting of TSM&O research task force, DOT, JPO, CVPFS HOW 38

NEXT STEPS NEXT STEPS NCHRP 20-102 RFP released, responses due 1/29/15 Selection of multiple teams available for task orders 20-102 panel formed, prioritizing first $1 M allocation Summer 2015 task orders begin 39

Thank You http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3752 40

AASHTO AASHTO CV/AV RESEARCH CV/AV RESEARCH ROADMAP ROADMAP NCHRP 20-24 (98)